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Mikro organismes Flashcards

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1
Q

What are microorganisms?

A

Microorganisms are organisms that cannot be seen with the naked eye.

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2
Q

What are the conditions favorable for the growth of microorganisms?

A

Favorable conditions for microorganisms include enough food, moisture, and optimal temperature.

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3
Q

What are the types of microorganisms mentioned?

A

The types of microorganisms mentioned are Bacteria, Protista, Fungi, and Viruses.

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4
Q

What are pathogenic microorganisms?

A

Pathogenic microorganisms are those that cause transmissible/harmful diseases.

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5
Q

Are viruses classified in one of the 5 kingdoms of life?

A

No, viruses are not classified in one of the 5 kingdoms because they contain characteristics of both living and non-living particles.

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6
Q

How do viruses reproduce?

A

Virus reproduction, a living characteristic, takes place within a host. Reproduction occurs by changing the host cell’s genetic material into viral nucleic acids, resulting in new viruses.

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7
Q

What is the structure of a virus?

A

Viruses are very small and simple, consisting of central nucleic acids (DNA/RNA) surrounded by a protein coat. Some are also enclosed in a lipid and protein sheath for protection. They are acellular (have no cells).

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8
Q

What does it mean for a virus to be a compulsory intracellular parasite?

A

It means that reproduction only occurs in the cells of living organisms.

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9
Q

Are viruses pathogenic?

A

Yes, viruses are pathogenic, meaning they are harmful microorganisms.

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10
Q

What are the characteristics of life mentioned in the source?

A

The characteristics of life mentioned are Nutrition, Growth, Reproduction, Respiration, Excretion, and Movement.

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11
Q

What are bacteria?

A

Bacteria are the smallest and simplest living organisms and belong to the Kingdom Monera.

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12
Q

What are the types of bacteria based on oxygen requirements?

A

The types are Aerobic bacteria (live in the presence of oxygen) and Anaerobic bacteria (can survive in the absence of oxygen).

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13
Q

What is the structure of bacteria?

A

Bacteria are single-celled (single cells). Their cell wall is surrounded by a slime layer for protection. The cytoplasm contains no membrane-bound organelles and no true nucleus (instead, they have a nucleoid). They have a flagellum for movement.

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14
Q

What are the characteristics of bacteria?

A

Bacteria are single-celled and prokaryotic. Some are autotrophs (perform photosynthesis/chemosynthesis), while the majority are heterotrophic (parasitic/saprophytic/mutualistic). They reproduce asexually through replication, where a single cell divides into 2 identical cells.

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15
Q

What are the shapes of bacteria mentioned?

A

The shapes are rod (basille), spherical (kokki), spirille, and vibrio.

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16
Q

What are protists?

A

Protists belong to the Kingdom Protista and are single-celled organisms that do not fit into any other kingdom.

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17
Q

What are the main groups of protists?

A

The main groups are Protozoa (animal-like, single-celled, heterotrophic), Algae (plant-like, single or multicellular, autotrophic), and Slime/Water mold (fungus-like, multicellular, heterotrophic).

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18
Q

What is the structure of protists?

A

Protists can be single or multicellular. They are autotrophic and perform photosynthesis (chloroplasts are present). They have a variety of movement structures (pseudopodia, cilia, flagellum). Protozoa take in food through phagocytosis.

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19
Q

Are protists prokaryotic or eukaryotic?

A

Protists are eukaryotic (have a true nucleus).

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20
Q

How do protists reproduce?

A

Protists mostly reproduce asexually through replication.

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21
Q

Where do protists typically live?

A

Protists are mostly found in aquatic habitats.

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22
Q

What are fungi also known as?

A

Fungi are also known as mold (bread mold).

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23
Q

What are the main groups of fungi?

A

The main groups are Microscopic single-celled yeast, multicellular filamentous mold (some parts macroscopic and some microscopic), and Macroscopic fleshy fungi with clear and visible fruiting bodies (e.g., Mushrooms).

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24
Q

What is the structure of multicellular fungi?

A

Multicellular fungi are a mass of branched filaments called hyphae. Hyphae are woven together to form the vegetative body called the mycelium.

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25
What are the three parts of hyphae mentioned in the structure of Rhizopus (bread mold)?
The three parts are stolon (branches horizontally over the substrate), rhizoids (branch from the stolon and anchor the mycelium in the substrate), and sporangiophores (grow vertically and develop sporangia which produce spores).
26
Are fungi prokaryotic or eukaryotic?
Fungi are eukaryotic.
27
Are fungi autotrophic or heterotrophic?
Fungi are heterotrophic (most are saprophytic and parasitic).
28
How do single-celled fungi reproduce?
Single-celled fungi (yeast) reproduce asexually through binary fission.
29
How do multicellular fungi reproduce?
Multicellular fungi reproduce asexually through spores (under favorable conditions) OR sexually through gametes (under unfavorable conditions).
30
What is the role of autotrophic bacteria and protists in the environment?
They make their own food, storing energy as starch, which is then available to consumers. This is their role as producers.
31
What is the role of decomposer bacteria, saprophytic fungi, and protists in the environment?
They break down dead organic matter into their original building blocks, recycling elements and making them available to plants. This is their role as decomposers.
32
What is the role of bacteria in the nitrogen cycle?
Bacteria process free nitrogen into nitrates, which are made available to plants (needed for proteins).
33
How do autotrophic bacteria and protists contribute to the oxygen and carbon dioxide balance?
They use CO2 to release oxygen.
34
What is an example of a symbiotic relationship involving bacteria in humans?
*E. Coli* lives in the intestinal tract and produces vitamins K and B. In return, *E. Coli* receives nutrients and a protected habitat. This is an example of mutualism.
35
What are some diseases caused by microorganisms mentioned?
HIV/AIDS (Virus), Tuberculosis (Bacteria), Malaria (Protozoa), and Candidiasis/Thrush (Fungi).
36
What is the effect of HIV/AIDS?
The virus multiplies and destroys CD4 cells (immunity). As the virus increases, one becomes more susceptible to other diseases. The first phase has few to no symptoms, or flu-like symptoms. As CD4 cells decrease, immunity is at its weakest, and more severe symptoms are experienced. The final phase of HIV is AIDS, which leads to death.
37
Is there a cure for HIV/AIDS?
No, there is no cure.
38
How is HIV/AIDS managed?
If positive, manage the disease with the right medication and lifestyle changes. The viral load should be suppressed to allow CD4 cells to multiply (ARVs, supplements).
39
How can HIV/AIDS be prevented?
Prevention involves awareness, practicing safe and protected sex, and avoiding alcohol and drug abuse.
40
How is TB transmitted and what is its effect?
TB infects when someone inhales the TB bacteria. A strong immune system fights off the disease, but a weak immune system develops into active TB, leading to persistent lung inflammation.
41
What are the symptoms of TB?
Symptoms include a constant cough, fatigue, chest pain, and coughing up blood.
42
How is TB treated?
TB is treated with an aggressive course of antibiotics (6 months). A person on treatment cannot infect others. Re-infection can occur if the antibiotic course is not completed.
43
How can TB be prevented?
Prevention involves being educated and informed, starting treatment immediately after diagnosis, and vaccinating babies.
44
What is resistant TB?
Resistant TB is when the body no longer responds to treatment and requires chemotherapy.
45
What causes malaria and how is it transmitted?
Malaria is caused by *Plasmodium vivax* (a protist) and is transmitted by the female Anopheles mosquito.
46
How does the mosquito transmit malaria?
When a mosquito bites an infected person, it sucks up a small amount of blood containing malaria parasites. These parasites develop within the mosquito. When the mosquito bites another person, the parasites are injected with the mosquito's saliva. The mosquito acts as a vector.
47
What are the symptoms of malaria?
Symptoms include fever, headache, shivering, joint pain, and vomiting.
48
How is malaria treated?
Malaria is treated with a combination of anti-malaria drugs (immediate treatment is successful), such as quinine and artemisinin.
49
How can malaria be prevented?
Prevention involves spraying insecticides in houses (in malaria areas), using mosquito nets sprayed with insecticides, and vaccination (still in development).
50
What is candidiasis?
Candidiasis is a fungal infection that affects mucous membranes and skin. It is present on all surfaces but causes infection and increases in number under favorable conditions.
51
What are the favorable conditions for candidiasis?
Favorable conditions include warm, moist conditions (skin folds), excessive use of antibiotics (kills good bacteria), weakened immune system (HIV/AIDS or chemotherapy), poor diet (too many carbohydrates and sugar), and high stress levels (cortisol).
52
What are some symptoms of candidiasis?
Symptoms include severe itching, burning, and irritation with discharge (vaginal yeast infection) and sensitive white spots on a red base on the tongue/palate (oral thrush).
53
How is candidiasis managed/treated?
Management and treatment include improved hygiene, probiotics (to supplement beneficial bacteria), a balanced diet, controlling stress levels, and medication such as mouthwash, cream/ointment, or systemic medication.
54
What is the immune system?
The immune system is the body's system that monitors constant exposure to harmful elements and provides defense against them. It is responsible for identifying what is 'foreign' to the body.
55
What is an immune response?
An immune response is when an organism protects itself against pathogens.
56
What are the two types of immunity mentioned?
The two types are Natural Immunity and Acquired Immunity.
57
What is natural immunity?
Natural immunity is present at birth and is the first line of defense. It is non-specific, meaning it is not directed at a specific pathogen. If pathogens break through the first line of defense, acquired immunity is activated.
58
What is acquired immunity?
Acquired immunity develops through pathogenic exposure. White blood cells destroy pathogens and prevent re-infection.
59
How does the immune response in plants work?
Plants have only natural immunity (without white blood cells). During infection, a natural response is activated, and chemical compounds are released. These chemical messengers move through the phloem and send signals to uninfected cells. Uninfected cells are stimulated to produce defense compounds. In some plants, chemical reactions occur at the site of infection to prevent spread.
60
What are the first lines of defense in the natural immunity of animals?
The first lines of defense are external barriers (skin), coughing, sneezing, and mucus (which trap pathogens).
61
What happens if pathogens penetrate the first line of defense in animals?
If pathogens penetrate the first line of defense, inflammation and fever occur as a response. Fever inhibits growth, and inflammation allows immune cells to reach the infection area faster (due to enlarged blood vessels).
62
How are pathogens dealt with in the acquired immunity of animals?
Pathogens are actively destroyed, and the response is stored as a memory.
63
What are antigens?
Antigens are proteins that mark body cells, viruses, bacteria, and protozoa.
64
How do white blood cells (leukocytes) recognize pathogens?
White blood cells recognize pathogens as foreign due to the antigens on their cell surface.
65
What happens after white blood cells recognize pathogens?
Pathogens are immediately destroyed or neutralized by white blood cells.
66
What are the two types of leukocytes mentioned?
The two types are Lymphocytes and Phagocytes.
67
What are antibodies?
Antibodies bind to specific antigens on the pathogen's cell.
68
What happens when antibodies bind to antigens?
While bound to the antigen, B-cells double (creating memory for the future) and produce new B-cells (more antibodies). New B-cells produce and release antibodies into the blood plasma.
69
How do antibodies facilitate the process of dealing with pathogens?
Antibodies mark pathogens for phagocytes, cause pathogens to clump together (making them inactive), and cause the pathogenic cell to burst.
70
What are the types of lymphocytes mentioned?
The types are B-Lymphocytes and T-Lymphocytes.
71
What is the main function of T-cells?
The main type of T-cell recognizes and destroys infected body cells.
72
How do T-cells identify pathogenic cells?
Antibodies on the pathogen's antigens help T-cells identify pathogenic cells.
73
How do T-cells destroy infected cells?
T-cells destroy infected cells by releasing chemicals.
74
What are the types of lymphocytes mentioned?
The types are B-Lymphocytes and T-Lymphocytes. ## Footnote [17]
75
What is the main function of T-cells?
The main type of T-cell recognizes and destroys infected body cells. ## Footnote [17]
76
How do T-cells identify pathogenic cells?
Antibodies on the pathogen's antigens help T-cells identify pathogenic cells. ## Footnote [17]
77
How do T-cells destroy infected cells?
T-cells destroy infected cells by releasing chemical compounds that cause the cells to burst. ## Footnote [17]
78
What are CD4 cells (T-helper cells)?
CD4 cells help initiate the immune response. ## Footnote [17]
79
What are phagocytes?
Phagocytes are large white blood cells that can change shape. They are made in the red bone marrow and engulf pathogens through a process called phagocytosis. ## Footnote [18]
80
What is immunization?
Immunization is the administration of a vaccine (injection/oral) to develop immunity against a disease. ## Footnote [19]
81
What does a vaccine consist of?
A vaccine consists of a dead or weakened form of the pathogen. ## Footnote [19]
82
How does a vaccine work?
A vaccine stimulates the body to produce antibodies and develop a memory. ## Footnote [19]
83
What is natural acquired immunity?
Natural acquired immunity is obtained without immunization. It can be active (direct contact with pathogens = antibodies) or passive (antibodies are transferred from mother to fetus via placenta and milk). ## Footnote [19]
84
What is artificial acquired immunity?
Artificial acquired immunity is obtained through deliberate immunization. It can be active (vaccine with a dead/weakened form of the pathogen) or passive (injected with antibodies made in another host = immediate protection). ## Footnote [19]
85
How do antibiotics work?
Antibiotics destroy the structure of bacteria (causing them to burst and their cell content to leak out) and inhibit their metabolism. ## Footnote [20]
86
Where are antibiotics derived from?
Antibiotics are obtained from fungi (e.g., Penicillium by Alexander Fleming). ## Footnote [20]
87
What is antibiotic resistance?
Antibiotic resistance occurs when some bacteria survive antibiotics through mutations. These mutated bacteria reproduce and pass the mutated gene to new populations. ## Footnote [20]
88
What are the reasons for antibiotic resistance?
Reasons for resistance include incorrect antibiotic prescription/diagnosis, not completing the course of antibiotics, and unnecessary use of antibiotics. ## Footnote [20]

Biology (6 decks)

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