Mind maps qs

Question 1

Causes of Upper Gastrointestinal bleeding

Answer 1

Oesophageal varices
Gastritis
Peptic ulcers
Mallory-Weiss tear
Malignancy

Question 2

Causes of Lower GI bleeds

Answer 2

Haemorrhoids
Polyps
Angiodysplasia
Infectious diarrhoea
Malignancy
Inflammatory Bowel Disease (2 types)

Question 3

2 types of IBD

Answer 3

Crohns disease

Ulcerative colitis

Question 4

Regions of abdomen

Answer 4

Right hypochondriac (top right abdomen)
Epigastric
Left hypochondriac
Right lumbar
Umbilical
Left lumbar
Right iliac
Hypogastric/suprapubic
Left iliac (bottom left abdomen)

Question 5

Causes of abdominal pain in right hypochondriac region

Answer 5

Pancreatitis
Ulcer (gastric)
Gallstones
Biliary colic

Question 6

Causes of abdominal pain in epigastric region

Answer 6

Heartburn
Pancreatitis
Epigastric hernia
Gallstones
Ulcer (gastric)

Question 7

Causes of abdominal pain in left hypochondriac region

Answer 7

Pancreatitis

Ulcer (gastric or duodenal)

Question 8

Causes of abdominal pain in right lumbar region

Answer 8

Kidney stones
Urinary tract infection
Constipation

Question 9

Causes of abdominal pain in umbilical region

Answer 9

Gastric ulcer
Early stages of appendicitis
Aortic aneurysm
Ruptured aortic aneurysm
Pancreatitis
IBD

Question 10

Causes of abdominal pain in left lumber region

Answer 10

Kidney stones
Urinary tract infection
Constipation
Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD)
Diverticular disease

Question 11

Causes of abdominal pain in right iliac region

Answer 11

Appendicitis
Ectopic pregnancy
Ovarian torsion
Inguinal or femoral hernias

Question 12

Causes of abdominal pain in hypogastric/suprapubic region

Answer 12

Urinary tract infection
Appendicitis
IBD
Diverticular disease

Question 13

Causes of abdominal pain in left iliac region

Answer 13

Diverticula disease
IBD
Ectopic pregnancy
Ovarian torsion
Inguinal or femoral hernias

Question 14

Causes of GI malabsorption

Answer 14

These Definitely Cause Absorption Problems:
Tropical sprue
Disaccharidase deficiency
Coeliac disease and Crohn's disease
A-beta-lipoproteinaemia
Pancreatic insufficiency

Question 15

Which part of GI tract is affected by tropical sprue

Answer 15

Idiopathic

Can affect all of small intestine

Question 16

Treatment of GI malabsorption as result of tropical sprue

Answer 16

Folic acid

Tetracycline

Question 17

Cause of Coeliac disease

Answer 17

Autoantibodies to gliadin

Proximal small intestine mainly affected

Question 18

Treatment of coeliac disease

Answer 18

Gluten-free diet

Question 19

What is A-beta-lipoproteinaemia

Answer 19

Autosomal recessive disorder

Results in the inability to synthesise chylomicrons

Question 20

Treatment of GI malabsorption as result of A-beta-lipoproteinaemia

Answer 20

Vitamin E

Question 21

Cause of Whipple’s disease

Answer 21

Tropheryma whipplei (gram-positive bacterium)

Question 22

Treatment of Whipple’s disease

Answer 22

Antibiotics for 1-2 years

Question 23

Cause of disaccharidase deficiency

Answer 23

a deficiency in enzymes required for digestion and absorption e.g. beta-glycosidase complex

Question 24

Treatment of disaccharidase deficiency

Answer 24

Restricted diet

Question 25

Cause/pathology of pancreatic insufficiency

Answer 25

Diseases such as cystic fibrosis, cancer and pancreatitis | Results in the deficiency of vitamins A, D, E, K (fat soluble vitamins)

Question 26

Treatment of pancreatic insufficiency

Answer 26

Pancrelipase

Question 27

Causes of GI inflammation

Answer 27

Gastritis Irritable Bowel Syndrome Appendicitis Inflammatory Bowel Disease (Ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease)

Question 28

What is gastritis

Answer 28

Inflammation of the stomach lining | May be acute or chronic

Question 29

Cause of acute gastritis

Answer 29

``` Stress Uraemia Alcohol NSAIDs Burns: Curling's ulcer ```

Question 30

Types of chronic gastritis and their causes

Answer 30

Type A: Autoimmune - autoantibodies are present to parietal cells Presents with pernicious anaemia Occurs in the fundus or body of the stomach Type B (more common): Associated with Helicobacter pylori infection

Question 31

Investigations for H.pylori infection (gastritis)

Answer 31

Bloods - anaemia and H.pylori Urinalysis Blood test - measures antibodies to H.pylori Carbon isotope - urea breath test Endoscopy with biopsy of stomach lining Stool microscopy and culture (may detect trace amounts of H.pylori)

Question 32

Treatment of gastritis

Answer 32

Triple therapy to eradicate H.pylori Step wise approach to treating gastritis: Mild or Moderate/severe

Question 33

Treatment of mild gastritis

Answer 33

antacids or H2 receptor antagonists

Question 34

Treatment of moderate/severe gastritis

Answer 34

PPI

Question 35

Triple therapy to eradicate H.pylori

Answer 35

Proton pump inhibitor and Clarithromycin and Metronidazole or Amoxicillin

Question 36

Gastritis complications

Answer 36

Peptic ulcers Anaemia (from bleeding ulcers) Stricture formation Mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) lymphoma

Question 37

What is appendicitis

Answer 37

Inflammation of appendix that presents with pain that can originate in the umbilical area before migrating to the right iliac fossa

Question 38

Investigations of appendicitis

Answer 38

Diagnosis is clinical: Bloods - FBCs, U and Es, CRP Ultrasound Pregnancy test in females of child bearing age to rule out ectopic pregnancy

Question 39

Treatment of appendicitis

Answer 39

Surgical excision

Question 40

Complications of appendicitis

Answer 40

Peritonitis