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Indian Geography > MIneral resources > Flashcards

MIneral resources Flashcards

1
Q

Abundant reserves

A

coal

Iron

Mica

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2
Q

adequate supply of

A

Mn

titanium

Al

limestone

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3
Q

defecient in

A

Cu

Pb

Zn

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4
Q

4 varieties of iron ore and % of iron content

A

Haemetite (70%) Magnetite(60–70%) Limonite(40–60%) Siderite(<40%)

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5
Q

Haemetite ores: charac?

A

massive, hard, compact, bumpy, reddish or coral red

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6
Q

Haemetite: found in?

A

Dharwad and Cuddapah rock system of penin India

East (80%): Odisha, Jharkhand, Chattisgarh, AndhraP

West: KN, MH, Goa

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7
Q

Magnetite: charac?

A

black ore magnetic quality

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8
Q

Magnetite: found in?

A

Dharwad and cuddapah systems of Penin India

Kn, AP, Raj, TN, Kerala

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9
Q

Limonite: charac?

A

yellowish poor qlty but easy and cheap mining

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10
Q

Limonite: found in?

A

Damuda series

Raniganj (WB), Garhwal (UK), Mirzapur (UP), Kangra valley (HP)

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11
Q

Siderite: charac?

A

aka iron carbonate; many impurities and mining not economically viable; self–fluxing due to presence of lime

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12
Q

Iron ore producerI in India top–5 states and %

A

Odisha (40%)– Goa(20%)–Chattisgarh(18%)– Jharkhand (11%)– KN(8%)

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13
Q

Iron ore in Odisha– name 6 districts

A

Sundargarh

mayurbhanj

Cuttack

Sambalpur

Keonjhar

Koraput

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14
Q

India’s richest haemetite deposits in? state?

A

Barabil–Koira valley in Odisha

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15
Q

Iron ore in Mayurbhanj?

A

Gorumahisani

Sulaipat

badampahar

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16
Q

Iron ore in Keonjhar?

A

Banspani

Tahkurani

Toda

Kodekola

Kurband

Phillora

Kiriburu

Daitari hills along boundary with Cuttack

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17
Q

Iron ore in Sundargarh?

A

Malangtoli

Kandadhar Pahar

Koira

Barsua

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18
Q

Iron ore in Cuttack

A

Tomka range between Patwali and Kassa in Sukind

Daitari hills along bouandary with keonjhar

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19
Q

Iron ore in Koraput

A

Hirapur hills

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20
Q

Iron ore in sambhalpur

A

nalibassa hills

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21
Q

Iron ore in Goa––– characterstics?

A

despite only 11% reserves, 2nd highest producer

– until recently highest producer in India river transport

–Marmagao export to Japan low grade–limonite and siderite

efficient and mechanised mining

employs 34000 people in Goa

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22
Q

Richest Iron ore deposits in Goa in?

A

North Goa

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23
Q

Iron ore in North Goa?

A

Pirna–Adolpale–asnola

Sirigao–Bicholim–daldal

Sanquelim–Onda

Kudlem–Pisurlem

Kudlem–Surla

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24
Q

Iron ore in South Goa?

A

Borgadongar

Netarlim

Rivona–silomba

Barazan

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25
Q

Iron ore in central Goa

A

Tolsia–Dongarvardo–Sanvordem

Quirapale–Santone–Costi

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26
Q

Iron ore in Chattisgarh:charac?

A

high grade

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27
Q

Iron ore in Chattisgarh?

A

bailadila in Dakshin Bastar, Dantewada and Bijapur

Dalli–Rajhara range in Durg district

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28
Q

Bailadila range

A

in Dakshin Bastar, Dantewada and Bijapur

>1400 MT

largest mechanised mine in asia

270 km long slurry pipeline to Vizag plant

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29
Q

Dalli–Rajhara range

A

supplies to steel plants of Bhilai, Raigarh, Bilaspur and Surguja

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30
Q

Iron ore in Jharkhand: charac?

A

25% reserves but only 11% production

iron ore mining started in India in Singhbhum district in 1904

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31
Q

Iron ore in Jharkhand: districts?

A

Singhbhum

Palamu

less imp magnetite deposits: Santhal Parganas;Hazaribagh;Dhanbad Ranchi

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32
Q

Iron ore in in Singhbhum? state?

A

Jharkhand

highest qlty and will last for hundreds of yrs

  • Gua–Bonai(Odisha) belt
  • Budhu Buru
  • Kotamati Buru – Noamandi mines
  • Rajori Buru
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33
Q

Noamandi mines are located at?

A

Kotamati Buru in Singhbhum district, JH

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34
Q

Iron ore in Palamu

A

daltanganj

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35
Q

Iron ore in Karnataka?

A

widely distributed but high grade haemetite and magnetite in

  • Kemmangundi in Bababudan hills of Chikmaglur districts
  • Bellary district– Sandur and hospet
  • Other districts: Chitradurge, Uttar Kannad, Shimoga, Dharwad, Tumkur
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36
Q

other minor producers of Iron ore?

A
  • AndhraP: Kurnool, Guntur, cuddapah, Ananthpur, Nellore
  • MH: Chandrapur, Ratnagiri and sindhudurg
  • TN: Salem, coimbatore, madurai
  • UP: Mirzapur
  • UK: Garhwal
  • Haryana: Mahendragarh
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37
Q

Iron ore production in India– 1950–51 vs 2018–19?

A

3.9 MT

220MT (decade high)

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38
Q

iron ore exports by India–global rank? in 1960–61? in FY17? since then?

A
  • 8th
  • 3.2 MT
  • 32.5MT
  • decreased drastically to 16MT in FY19 partially due to SC ban on goa iron ore mining
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39
Q

major ports handling iron ore export ?

A

Vishakhapatnam

paradip

marmagao

Mangalore

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40
Q

Use of Mn?

A

Steel mfg

bleaching powder

insecticides

paints

batteries

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41
Q

Mn ore– India’s position?

A

2nd largest reserves (after Zimbawe)

5th in production (after Brazil, gabon, SA, Aus)

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42
Q

Mn ore production– top 5 states and their %

A
  1. MH (27.67%)
  2. MP (27.5%)
  3. Odisha (24%)(largest reserves)
  4. AndhraP(14%)
  5. KN (6%) (2nd largest reserves)
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43
Q

Mn ore in MH?

A

Nagpur and Bhandara and ratnagiri districts

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44
Q

Mn ore in MP?

A

balaghat and chhindwara (and extension of Nagpur–Bhandara belt)

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45
Q

Mn ore in odisha

A
  1. Gondite rocks in Sundargarh
  2. Kodurite and Khondolite in Kalahandi and Koraput
  3. laterite deposits of of Bolangir and Sambalpur
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46
Q

Mn ore in AndhraP

A

Srikakulam–Vishakhapatnam belt– srikakulam earliest producer of Mn in India

Cuddappah, Vijayanagaram and Guntur districts

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47
Q

Mn ore in KN?

A

Uttara Kannada, Bellary, Chitradurg ad Tumkur

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48
Q

Mn ore in Jharkhand?

A

Singhbhum and dhanbad

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49
Q

export of Mn/

A

decreased from 88% to 15% of total production and now only low qlty ore exported due to increased domestic demand

Japan largest buyer

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50
Q

Chromite ore in India where?

A

Odisha–99% and that too high quality mostly in Sukinda valley in cuttack and Jajpur districts; also in Keonjhar and Dhenkanal districts

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51
Q

alloys of Cu? made with?

A

Stainless steel (Fe+Ni)

Morel Metal (Ni)

Duralumin (Al)

brass (Zn)

bronze (Tin)

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52
Q

Top 3 states in India for– Cu ore reserves? Cu production?

A

Raj (54%)– Jharkhand (20%)– MP (19%) MP (60%)– Raj (28%)– Jharkhand (11%)

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53
Q

Cu mining in– MP?

A

Taregaon belt

Malanjkhand belt of Balaghat district

Kherlibazar–bargaon in betul

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54
Q

Cu mining in Rajasthan?

A

mostly along aravali range– Ajmer, alwar, Bhilwara, Chittaurgarh, Dungarpur, Jaipur, Jhunjhunu, pali, Sikar, Sirohi and Udaipur

  • Khetri–Singhana belt in Jhunjhunu most imp
  • Kho–dariba belt near alwar
  • Delwara–Kirovali near udaipur
  • Kishengarh of ajmer
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55
Q

Cu mining in Jharkhand?

A
  • largest until 1980s
  • Singhbhum (Mostimp)– rakha, Kendadih, Surda, Dhobani, Mosabani
  • Hazaribagh– Hasatu, Baraganda, Jaradih, Parsanath, barkanath
  • Santhal Parganas– Bairakhi
  • parts of Gaya and palamu districts
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56
Q

only company engaged in integrated mining of Cu in India?

A

Hindustan copper Ltd

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57
Q

private players in Cu mining?

A

Hindalco Industries Ltd and Vedanta Limited– depend on imported Cu

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58
Q

Cu ore production in India– how much? of Cu concentrates?

A
  1. 85 MT
  2. 35 Lakh Tonnes
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59
Q

import of Cu ores and concentrates?

A

1.14 MT

60
Q

Nickel in nature?

A

not found free, but in association with Cu, U and other metals

61
Q

uses of Ni and its alloys?

A

Ni–Fe: rust proof stainless steel– utensils, Armored plates, motor cars, bullet jackets, naval construction

Ni–Cu or Ni–Ag: coins

Ni–Al: airplanes, IC engines

Metallic Ni: storage batteries and as catalyst for hydrogenation or hardening of fats and oil to be used in soap, vanaspati

62
Q

Total resource of Ni ore in India?

A

190MT

63
Q

Ni ore resource– chief States?

A

Odisha (92%)

remaining 8% in Jharkhand and Nagaland some in KN

Also polymetallic nodules

64
Q

Ni in Odisha?

A

nickeliferous limonite (oxide form)– Sukinda valley of Jajapur

65
Q

Ni in Jharkhand?

A

East singhbhum district– Sulphide form along with Cu mineralization

Jaduguda– along with U deposits

66
Q

Use of Lead in alloys?

A

Type metal

Bronze

Anti–friction Metal

67
Q

Pb in nature?

A

Not free

as Lead Sulphide: Galena– found in veins in limestones, sandstones and sometimes in metamorphic rocks and volcanic rocks

68
Q

Use of Pb?

A

as alloys

Oxide: cable covers, ammunition, paints, glass–making, rubber industry, sanitary fittings in buildings

Automobiles, airplanes, calculators

Nitrate: dyeing and printing

69
Q

Zn: in nature?

A

Pb and Zn found together

70
Q

Zn–uses?

A

alloying

galvanized sheets

dry batteries

White pigments

electrodes

textiles

rubber industry

collapsible tubes like toothpaste tubes

71
Q

Pb–Zn production in India?

A

Rajasthan (90%)– Zawar and Debari mines

72
Q

Ore of Tungsten?

A

Wolfram

73
Q

most important property of Tungsten? use?

A

self–hardening– used in steel industry (95% use of Tungsten in steel ind)

74
Q

Tungsten resources in India in which states? sufficient?

A

KN (42%)

Raj (27%)

AndhraP(17%)

MH(9%)–––Sakoli basin

Not sufficient–imported

75
Q

Tungsten production?

A

Rajasthan– Deguna, near Rawaat hills

WB– Bankura in Chendpathar

76
Q

bauxite – name origin?

A

Le Beaux in France

77
Q

States with Bauxite deposits?

A

Odisha (52%)

AndhraP(18%)

Gujarat(7%)

Chhatisgarh and MH (5% each)

MP and Jharkhand (4%each)

78
Q

States with Bauxite Production?

A

Odisha (>1/3rd)

Chhatisgarh (18%)

MH (15%)

Jharkhand (14%)

Gujarat (6.5%)

MP

79
Q

Bauxite production in Odisha? most important?

A

Kalahandi; Koraput; Sundargarh; Balangir; Sambalpur

Kalahandi–Koraput belt (further extends into AP) largest bauxite bearing region in India

80
Q

areas of bauxite mining areas of Kalahandi–Koraput belt?

A

Chandragiri, Baphalimoli parbat, kathakal, manjimali, Pasenmali, Kunnumali, Kodingandi, Pottangi, Karalput

81
Q

2 Al plants in Odisha?

A

Damanjoli

Doragurha

82
Q

bauxite deposits in chhatisgarh?

A

Maikal range– Bilaspur and Durg districts

Amarkantak plateau– Surguja, Raigarh and Bilaspur

83
Q

Bauxite deposits in MH?

A

Kolhapur– Udgeri, Dhangarwadi, Radhanagari and Inderganj

Thane, ratnagiri, Satara, Pune

84
Q

Bauxite deposits in Jharkhand?

A

Lohardaga– high grade

Ranchi, Palamu, Gumla, Dumka and Munger

85
Q

Bauxite deposits in Gujarat?

A

belt between Gulf of Katchh and arabian sea– Bhavnagar, Junagarh and amreli– Most imp

other: Jamnagar,Kachchh, Kheda and Sabarkantha

86
Q

Bauxite deposits in MP?

A

Amarkantak plateau

Maikala range in Shahdol, mandla and balaghat

jabalpur

87
Q

What are Pyrites?use?

A

Sulphide of Iron

Chief source of Sulphur

88
Q

Pyrite deposits in India?

A
  • Bihar– Lower Son valley– Amjor, Kasisiyakoh, Kurriari
  • KN– Uttar Kannada and chitradurga
  • Pyritous coalfields of assam
  • Rajasthan–Sikar
  • TN–Salem, coimbatore and Nilgiri
  • HP–Shimla
  • Meghalaya– Khasi and Jaintia
89
Q

Largest Gold resource in terms of Metal ore?

A

Bihar (44%)

Rajasthan (25%)

KN (21%)

90
Q

The three gold fields in India?

A

KN– Kolar Gold field in Kolar

Hutti gold field in Raichur district – far below than Kolar and also of inferior qlty

AndhraP– Ramgiri gold field in Anantpur

91
Q

States with placer deposits of gold?

A

JH

Kerala

J&K– Kargil and Dras area

92
Q

Gold deposits in JH– placer? native?

A
  1. Subarnarekha river basin, Sona nadi in Singhbhum district and Sonapat valley
  2. Lowa in Singhbhum and other parts of chhotanagpur plateau
93
Q

Placer deposits in kerala?

A

river terraces along Punna Puzha and chabiyar Puzha

94
Q

ores of Silver?

A

Agentine

Stephanite

Pyragyrite

Proustite

95
Q

Ag: top 3 states?

A

RJ

GJ

JH

96
Q

Ag in RJ?

A

Zawar mines in Udaipur – byproduct of Pb

97
Q

Ag in GJ?

A

Vadodara district

98
Q

Ag in JH?

A

Tundoo Pb smelter in Dhanbad

Maubhandar in Singhbhum district – byproduct of Cu slimes

99
Q

other producers of Ag?

A

Kolar and Hutti gold mines

Vizag zinc smelter from Pb concentrates

Vadodara, Bellary (KN), Bramula (j&K)

100
Q

Mica: importance? types?

A
  • used in INdia since ancient times as a medicinal item in Ayurveda, known as abhrak
  • its insulating properties found its use in electrical industry
  • three types forund in INdia:
    • muscovite
    • phlogopite
    • biotite
101
Q

mica: states in which found?

A
  1. Andhra P- 41% reserves
  2. RJ
  3. JH
102
Q

Mica: production in India stats?

A
  1. near monopoly- 60% of world’s
  2. India’s production of mica has reduced in recent times due to fall in demand as a result of invention of better alternatives like plastic
  3. India is also world’s largest exporter
103
Q

Mica: andhraP?

A
  1. largest mica producing state in India
  2. Nellore district
104
Q

Mica: RJ?

A
  1. Jaipur-Udaipur belt
105
Q

Mica: JH?

A

A belt starting from Gaya (Bihar) and across Hazaribagh, Girdih and munger and upto Bhagalpur district (Bihar) contains richest deposits of high qlty ruby mica.

Main centres include, Kodarma, dhorhakola, domchanch etc.

106
Q

LImestone: states?

A
  1. KN (highest % of reserves)
  2. RJ (highest producer)
  3. MP
  4. AndhraP
  5. GJ
107
Q

Limestone: use?

A

75% is used in cement industry

iron and steel industry

chemical industries

108
Q

limestone: production in India?

A

has increased from 32 MT in 1980 to ~300MT in 2015

109
Q

LImestone: RJ?

A

belt from Jhunjhunu to Udaipur and extending to Bundi and Kota as well

110
Q

limestone: MP?

A

Sagar-Damoh-Jabalpur

satna-Rewa

111
Q

limestone: AndhraP?

A

Cuddappah, Kurnool, Guntur and Krishna

112
Q

Dolomite: about? use?

A
  1. limestone with >10% Mg
  2. if % of mg >45, it is true dolomite
  3. uses:
    1. metallurgical: in refractories, blast furnace flux
    2. as source of Mg salts
    3. in fertilisers and glass industries
    4. iron and steel industry is the main consumer
113
Q

dolomite: main states and locations?

A
  1. CHH: largest; Bastar, Bilaspur, durg
  2. odisha: Sundargarh (Birmitrapur imp location), Sambalpur and Koraput
  3. AndhraP: anantpur and Kurnool
  4. telangana: Khammam
  5. KN: Belgaum, Bijapur, Chitradurga, Mysore
114
Q

asbestos: about? use?

A
  1. two different minerals are included under this name:
    • a variety of amphibole (minerals that are like needlelike crystals)
    • a fibrous variety of serpentine. This is the most common variety and the one that is used most commonly
  2. has great commercial value due to its fibrous structure, its highly tensile strong fibres that can be readily separated and are resistant ti fire
  3. used for making fire-proof clothes, rope, paper. used for making aprons, gloves, curtains, break lining s in automobiles
  4. asbestos cement products like sheets, slates, pipes and tiles used in buildings
  5. mixed with magnesia, it is used for making ‘magnesia bricks’ used for heat insulation
115
Q

asbestos: states and locations?

A
  1. RJ
    • >94% of INdia’s production
    • Udaipur, dungarpur, Alwa, ajmer and Pali
  2. AndhraP: asbestos of fie qlty occurs in Pulivendla taluka of Cuddppah
116
Q

Magnesite: uses?

A
  1. used in manufacturing refractory bricks, special type of cement used for mfg of artificial bricks, fire proof floorings and extraction of Mg
117
Q

Magnesite: states and locations?

A
  1. TN: largest producer in India (>67%)
    1. Chalk hills near Salem
    2. Coimbatore, Nilgiri, Periyar and Tirunelveli
  2. UK: Almora, Chamoli districts
118
Q

Kyanite: about? uses?

A
  1. occurs in metamorphic aluminous rocks
  2. used in metallurgical, ceramic, refractory, electrical, glass, cement and other industries due to its ability to withstand high temperatures
  3. used in making sparking plugs in automobiles
119
Q

Kyanite: states and locations?

A

india has largest deposits of Kyanite in the world with all three grades of Kyanite found here

  • Telangana has he largets reserves followed by AndhraP
  • JH is the largest producer
    • Singhbhum: ores with high % of aluminum silicates (95-97%); The 130 km long bed from Lapsa Buru to Kharsawan in Saraikela, is the largest in the world and also best in qlty bt nw it is nearly exhausted
  • MH: nagpur and Bhandara
120
Q

Sillimanite: about? uses?

A
  1. similar uses as that of kyanite
121
Q

Sillimanite: states and location?

A
  • TN has largest reserves
  • Odisha is the largest producer. Mainly Ganjam district
  • Kerala: beach sands of Kozhikode, Palakkad, Ernakulam and Kottayam
  • MH: Bhandara
122
Q

Gypsum: about and uses?

A
  1. Hydrated sulphate of Ca
  2. mainly used in making ammonia sulphate fertiliser and in cement industry
  3. essential constituent of cement and PoP
  4. It is applied as surface plaster in agriculture for conserving moisture in the soil and for aiding Nitrogen absorption
123
Q

Gypsum: states and locations?

A
  1. RJ alone accounts for 81% of reserves and 90% of India’s production
    • in the tertiary clays and shales of Jodhpur, nagaur and Bikaner
  2. TN: Tiruchirapalli
  3. J&K
  4. GJ
  5. UK
124
Q

Diamonds: states and locations?

A
  1. MP: Panna belt
  2. AndhraP: Wajrakarur Kimberlite pipe in Ananthpur and gravels of Krishna river basin
  3. new kimberlite fields are discovered recently in Raichur-Gulbarga districts of KN
125
Q

important diamond cutting centres in India?

A

Surat, Navasari, ahmedabad, Palanpur, Bhavnagar and Mumbai

126
Q

atomic mierals: names?

A

U

Thorium

Be

Li

Zirconium

127
Q

Uranium: about?

A
  1. discovered in mineral pitchblende
  2. U occurs as U-238 (99.3%) and U-235 (0.7%)
  3. U occurs in earth’s crust with avg concen of 2-4 ppm and in sea water @ 0.003 ppm
  4. australia- largest deposits of U (30% of global), followed by kazakhstan, canada (largest producer of U in the world), USA, SA, Namibia, Brazil, niger and Russia
  5. In India, atomic Mineral Directorate (AMD) under DAE is responsible for geologic exploration of all atomic minerals incl U
128
Q

T/F: 1kg of U can produce as much electricity as is done by 150 T of coal.

A

F

1500 T

129
Q

U: states and location?

A
  1. JH
    1. first U deposit discovered in 1951 at Jaduguda in JH and mine commissioned in 1967
    2. three more mines were later added in JH- narwapahar, Turamdih and Bagjata
  2. CHH: Bodal
  3. MP: Jajawal
  4. Meghalaya: Domiasiat (one of the largest and richest), wahkyn and tyrani
  5. andhraP: Lambapur-Peddagattu and tummallapalle
  6. favourable U mineralizations have also been identified at Gogi (KN), Kuppam and Gandi (AndhraP), Rohil (RJ) and Bstar in CHH
  7. mixed mineral ore is processed at U mills at Jaduguda, batin and Narwapaahar where it is converted into Yellow cake (U3O8)
  8. the largest source of U is monazite sands, both beach and alluvial. Monazite sands occur on both east and west coasts and in some places in Bihar, but the largest concentration of monazite sands is on Kerala coast with estimated 15200 T of U in its monazite
130
Q

Thorium?

A
  1. also derived from monozite sand. which contains 10% thoria and 0.3% urania
  2. known reserves of thorium in India are estimated betn 4.5 L- 5L T
  3. Kerala, JH, Bihar, TN and RJ are main producers
131
Q

other atomic minerals in India:

  1. Be?
  2. Li?
  3. Zirconium?
A
  1. used as moderatoe in nuclear reactors. India has sufficient reserves of Be for her atomic uses
  2. Lepidolite is widely found in mica belts of JH, MP and RJ as well as in Bastar region of CHH
  3. along Kerala coast and in alluvial rocks of Ranchi and Hazaribagh, JH
132
Q

Types of coal?

A
  1. anthracite:
    • best qlty; 80-95% C
    • very hard, compact, jet black
    • highets heating value
    • in INdia, found only in J&K and that too in small qty
  2. Bituminous
    • most widely used coal
    • named after the liquid released after heating, bitumen
    • due to high C content, used not only for steam raising and heating purposes but also for production of coke and gas
    • mostly found in JH, Odisha, WB, CHH and MP
  3. Lignite
    • aka brown coal
    • high moisture content~35%, thus gives much smoke and less heat
    • found in Palna (RJ), Neyveli (TN), Lakhimpur (Assam) and Karewa (J&K)
  4. Peat
    • represents first stage of transformation of wood into coal and contain <40% C, sufficient volatile material and a lot of moisture
    • burns like wood, gives less heat, lots of smoke and leaves a lot of ash
133
Q

Geological classification of coal found in India?

A
  1. Gondwana coal
    • accounts for 98% of INdia’s reserves and 99% of production
    • superior qlty coal
    • 250mn yrs old
    • includes coking, non coking and bituminous, sub-bituminous coal
    • Anthracite generally not found: volatile compound and ash content can be as high as 25%
    • almost free from moisture, bt contains S and P in small variable qty
    • significant qty of Gondwana coal is estimated to be hidden beneath the lava pile of deccan trap
    • Damuda series (i.e. lower gondwana) possesses the most valuable coalfields and accounts for 80% of total coal production in India
  2. Tertiary coal:
    • coals of younger age- 15-6 mya
    • mainly confined to extra-peninsula eg.Assam, meghalaya, Arunachal, Nagaland, Darjeeling, J&K, UP, RJ, TN and Kerala
    • low C and high moisture and S
134
Q

coal reserves in India: estimates?

A
  1. estimated at >325BT (upto depth of 1200m) (4th highest in the world)
  2. highly uneven distribution
    • >80% reserves concentrated in just 4 states- JH, odisha, CHH and WB, with JH and Odisha alone having >50%
135
Q

Coal reserves in India: Lignite reserves ?

A
  1. estimated at 45 BT
  2. >90% located in TN,
    1. Neyveli area of Cuddalore district- most imp
    2. Jayamkondacholapuram of Trichy
    3. Mannargudi
    4. East of Veeranam
  3. also identified in RJ, GJ, J&K, Kerala, WB and Pudduchery
136
Q

coal production in India?

A
  1. production rose steadily from 120 MT in 1980 to >700 MT in 2018
  2. 2nd largest producer of coal in world after china
137
Q

coal consumption in India?

A
  1. demand has been consistently rising with Industries in India consuming 968.25 MT of raw coal in 2018–19
  2. largest consumers of coal in India are electricity generation (67%), the steel and washery industries (8%), the sponge iron industry and the cement industry.
  3. Consumption of lignite stood at 45.81 MT in 2018–19. Electricity generation alone accounts for 82.23% of the total lignite consumption
  4. Coal generated over 70% of electricity produced
  5. On average, the Indian power plants using India’s coal supply consume about 0.7 kg of coal to generate a kWh, whereas United States thermal power plants consume about 0.45 kg of coal per kWh. This is because of the difference in Gross Calorific Value (4500kcal/kg in india vs 6500 Kcal in Australia).
138
Q

distribution of gondwana coal in india: major states?

A

exclusively found in Peninsular plateau

  1. CHH
    • 3rd in reserves but 1st in production with >20% of coal production
    • mostly in northern parts of state
  2. JH:
    • 1st wrt reserves and was the largest producer as well till recent times
    • currently 2nd in production with 20%
  3. Odisha:
    • 2nd largest coal reserves and 3rd in production
  4. MP
  5. AndhraP
  6. MH
  7. WB
  8. UP
139
Q

distribution of gondwana coal in india: CHH?

A
  1. Korba coalfield: in the valleys of Hasdo (trib of Mahanadi) and its tributaries
    • coal occurs in Barakar measure with thickness of 700m
  2. Bisrampur coalfields in Surguja district
  3. Hasdo-Arand coalfield across Surguja and Bilaspur districts
  4. Chirmiri coalfield in Surguja district
  5. Lakhanpur coalfield across Surguja, Koriya, Korba and bilaspur districts. Just south of Bishrampur coalfield
  6. Jhilmili coalfield in Koriya district- an extension of Sahagpur coalfield of Shahdol district in MP
  7. Johilla coalfield in johilla valley
  8. Sonhat coalfield in Surguja district has superior qlty coal
  9. Tatpani-Ramkota coalfields in Surguja district
140
Q

distribution of gondwana coal in india: JH?

A
  1. mostly located in a narrow belt running E-W almost along 24deg N
  2. 21 main coalfields in JH with
    • 8 in dumka
    • 7 in Hazaribagh
    • 3 in dhanbad
    • 3 in Palamu
  3. Jharia coalfield in Dhanbad
  4. Bokaro coalfield in Hazaribagh
  5. Girdih coalfield aka Karharbari coalfield in hazaribagh district
  6. Karanpura and Ramgarh coalfield: across Ranchi, Hazaribagh and Palamau districts
  7. Auranga coalfield in Palamu
  8. Hutar coalfield in Palamu district
  9. Deltanganj coalfield in Palamu district
  10. Devgarh coalfields in dumka district
141
Q

Jharia coalfield?

A
  1. in dhanbad district, JH
  2. represents the largest coal reserves in India having estimated reserves of 19.4 billion tonnes of coking coal.
  3. lies in Damodar river valley
  4. produces bituminous coal suitable for coke
  5. one of the oldest and richest coal fields for INdia and recognised as storehouse of the best metallurgical coal in the country. Most of India’s coal comes from Jharia.
  6. Jharia is famous for a coal field fire that has burned underground for nearly a century. A 2007 estimate, described 37 million tons of coal consumed by the fires since their start and significant ground subsidence and water and air pollution in local communities including the city of Jharia.
142
Q

Bokaro coalfield?

A
  • in Hazaribagh district
  • long but narrow strip in catchment area of bokaro river
  • divided into west and east bokaro
143
Q

Girdih coalfield?

A
  1. aka Karharbari coalfield
  2. in hazaribagh district
  3. has three seams
  • Lower karharbari: 3-7.5m thick seams and gives the finest coking coal in india for metallurgical purposes
  • Upper karharbari
  • Badhua seams
144
Q

distribution of gondwana coal in india: odisha?

A

mostly in Dhnekanal, Sambalpur and Sundargarh districts

  • Talcher field:
    • from talcher town to rairkhol in Dhenkanal and Sambalpur districts
    • 3-4 m thick seams
    • second in terms of reserves in India, after raniganj
    • coal most suitable for steam and gas production
    • most of the coal is utilised in thermal power and fertiliser plant at Talcher
  • Rampur-Himgir coalfields
    • across Sambalpur and Sundargarh districts
    • mostly inferior qlty coal
    • coal here occurs in middle and lower Barakar seams
  • Ib river coalfield across Sambalpur and Gangapur districts:
    • inferior qlty coal
145
Q

distribution of gondwana coal in india: MP?

A
  1. singrauli coalfield in Sidhi and Shahdol districts- largest in MP
    • important coal seams include Jhingurda (richest coal seam in india with total thickness of 131m) and Panipahari
    • supplies coal to thermal power plants at Singrauli and Obra
  2. Pench-kanhan-tawa coalfield in Chhindwara district: imp seam Ghoravari
  3. Sohagpur coalfield in Shahdol
  4. Umaria coalfield near Katni

Indian Geography (13 decks)

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