Minerals

Question 1

• are inorganic substances needed in much smaller amounts compared to CHO, fats and CHONS
• some are structural components of the body skeletons
• other form complexes with other organic materials
• sources : natural constituents of most natural feed ingredients

Answer 1

Minerals

Question 2

2 Classf’n of minerals

Answer 2

macro (% or g/kg) and microminerals (mg/kg or ug/kg)

Question 3

7 macrominerals

Answer 3

Ca, P, Mg, Na, Cl, K and S

Question 4

9 microminerals

Answer 4

Fe, I, Cr, Co, Cu, Se, Mn, F, Zn

Question 5

3 importance of minerals

Answer 5

• Skeletal development
• Egg shell formation
• Other regulatory processes of the
  body

Question 6

6 Mostly deficient minerals:

Answer 6

Ca, P, Na, Cl, Mg and Zn

Question 7

• is the most abundant element in the body, being a
  constituent of the skeleton
• 99% is found in the skeleton and teeth
• other fnxs : acid – base balance, muscular
  contraction, blood coagulation, nerve impulse
  action and milk secretion
• sources : animal products, legume feeds and
  inorganic feeds like limestone, oyster shell, mono-,di-, and tricalcium phosphate

Answer 7

Calcium (Ca)

Question 8

def. leads to (1)
1. _____ (softening and deformation of bones)
2. ______ (increased porosity and brittleness

Answer 8

Calcium
rickets
osteomalacia

Question 9

• is also impt in bone formation (1)
• more than 80% is found in the bones and teeth
• Involve in various metabolic processes as
  component of high energy compound in many enzyme systems
• impt in the maintenance of acid – base balance and in milk secretion
• sources : animal products and calcium phosphates
• in plants, it is present as ______

Answer 9

Phosphorus
phytate phosphorus (phytase)

Question 10

• is mainly found in the skeleton, the remainder, in soft tissues and body fluids (1)
• an activator of various enzymes involved in metabollic transformations.
• sources : vegie protein concentrates, yeast and brans
• supplied as ______ in premixes

Answer 10

Magnesium
magnesium oxide

Question 11

• def. of Mg may lead to ________ (grass staggers in ruminants)

Answer 11

hypomagnesemic tetany

Question 12

• impt in osmotic regulation of body fluids and in maintaining acid- base balance in the animal
• also involve in nerve and muscle excitability
• sources : feeds of plant origin
• deficiency symptoms include poor growth,
  weakness and tetany

Answer 12

Potassium K

Question 13

• along with Cl is impt in maintaining acid – base balance and osmotic pressure of body fluids (1)
• the chief cation of extracellular fluids
  _______– metallic atom that lost electron (positive charge)
• involve in nerve impulses and in absorption of sugars and amino acids in the intestines

Answer 13

Sodium Na
Cation

Question 14

• needed for hydrochloric acid formation in the stomach
• deficiency leads to increased alkali formation and circulation in the blood (alkalosis) due to excess bicarbonate

Answer 14

chlorine

Question 15

• essential in the synthesis on sulfur amino acids _____ and ______ as well as vitamins thiamin and biotin, hormone insulin and metabolite coenzyme A
• in ruminants, attention to this mineral content of the diet is necessary esp when significant amounts of NPN substances are used

Answer 15

Sulfur S

Question 16

• mainly present in the body in combination with CHONS such as hemoglobin and transferrin
• a component of enzymes involve in cytochrome systems
• sources : feeds of plant origin, fish and meat meal

Answer 16

Iron Fe

Question 17

• functions in the synthesis of hormones triiodothyronine and _____(thyroxine)
• these hormones increase the metabolic rate and promote faster growth by accelerating biochemical reactions in cells in tissues

Answer 17

Iodine I
tetraiodothyronine

Question 18

• def. results to endemic goiter
• results thyroid function also affects the reproductive capability of the animal
• sources : mostly present in foods in small amounts

Answer 18

Iodine I

Question 19

• is a component of enzyme cytochrome oxidase which is involve in oxidative phosphorylation and of some proteins that are impt in oxygen metabolism
• def. symptoms varies due to its numerous fxns in the body - poor growth, depigmentation of hair and wool, anemia as a result of Fe absorption problem.
• sources : most feeds contain coppe

Answer 19

Copper Cu

Question 20

• impt as activator of various enzymes involved in metabolism
• def. symptom in chicken is characterized as _______(slipped tendon) due to malformation of leg bones
• subacute symptoms include poor growth, skeletal malformations and reproductive failures
• sources : widely distributed in feeds esp rice bran and wheat pollard

Answer 20

Manganese Mn
perosis

Question 21

• associated with vit B12
• microbial synthesis of cobalamin requires supply of cobalt (ruminants)
• def. leads to emaciation, anemia, unthriftiness

Answer 21

cobalt Co

Question 22

• component of several digestive and metabollic enzymes as carboxypeptidases (C terminal), lactate dehydrogenase (pyruvate to lactate), alkaline phosphatase (removal of P group in molecules) and thymidine kinase (synthesis of DNA)
• deficiency symptoms are parakeratosis, inflammation of the mouth, stiffness of joints, swollen feet and poor growth

Answer 22

Zinc Zn

Question 23

• component of the enzyme glutathione peroxidase biological role is to protect the organism from oxidative damage.
• The biochemical function of glutathione peroxidase is to reduce
  lipid hydroperoxides to their corresponding alcohols and to reduce free hydrogen peroxide to water which catalyzes the
  removal of hydrogen peroxide
• deficiency symptoms – myopathy and exudative diathesis in poultry

Answer 23

Selenium Se

Question 24

• component of the enzyme xanthine oxidase,
  aldehyde oxidase and sulfite oxidase

Answer 24

Molybdenum Mo