In combination with phosphorus, gives strength and hardness to bones and teeth. Bones provide storage for calcium. Needed for normal nerve and muscle action, blood clotting, heart function, and cell metabolism.

Minerals Flashcards by Christian Cunanan

Oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, and nitrogen make up ___%
of body weight

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Remaining elements, minerals, represent __% of body
weight

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Enriched foods are foods to which nutrients, usually __ vitamins and ____, have been added to improve their nutritional value

B
iron

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Required in amounts greater than 100 mg a day

Major minerals

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Needed in amounts smaller than 100 mg a day

Trace minerals

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Electrically charged atoms resulting from chemical
reactions

Ions

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Positively charged ions are called

cations

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Negatively charged ions are called

anions

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Maintain the body’s fluid balance, contribute to electrical balance, assist in transmission of nerve impulses and contraction of muscles, help regulate the body’s acid-base balance

ELECTROLYTES

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occurs when concentrated forms of minerals are taken regularly over time

Toxicity

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Excessive amount of one mineral may lead to ___________ of another mineral

deficiency

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MAJOR MINERALS

list them

Calcium
Phosphorus
Potassium
Sodium
Chloride

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Human body contains more ________ than any other mineral

calcium

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CALCIUM: FUNCTIONS

In combination with phosphorus, gives strength and hardness to bones and teeth.
Bones provide storage for calcium.
Needed for normal nerve and muscle action, blood
clotting, heart function, and cell metabolism.

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Every ____ needs calcium and normal blood calcium levels are maintained even if intake is poor

cell

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release a hormone telling the kidneys to retrieve calcium before it is excreted when blood calcium levels drop

Parathyroid glands

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This hormone, works with ___________ causing increased release of calcium from bones by stimulating activity of ____________

calcitriol
osteoclasts

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Bones become increasingly ______ as calcium is withdrawn from them

fragile

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may result from years of low calcium intake

Osteoporosis

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Osteoblasts increase bone mass if blood calcium level is high until one is age __-__ years old

30-35

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Bone mass will remain stable in women until ___________ with adequate consumption of calcium, phosphorus, and vitamin D

menopause

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When the intake of fiber exceeds __g a day, calcium will also bind with _________

35
phytates

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CALCIUM: REQUIREMENTS
0-6 months

210 mg

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CALCIUM: REQUIREMENTS
6-12 months

270 mg

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CALCIUM: REQUIREMENTS 1-3 years

500 mg

CALCIUM: REQUIREMENTS 4-8 years

800 mg

CALCIUM: REQUIREMENTS 9-18 years

1,300 mg

CALCIUM: REQUIREMENTS 19-50 years

1,000 mg

CALCIUM: REQUIREMENTS 51-70+ years

1,200 mg

form found in calcium-based antacid tablets, has highest concentration of bioavailable calcium

Calcium carbonate

results in poorly formed bone structure and causes bowed legs, “pigeon breast”, enlarged wrists or ankles, and stunted growth

Rickets

characterized by involuntary muscle movement, results from insufficient calcium in blood

Tetany

Excessive calcium intake may

* Cause constipation * Cause kidney stones * Inhibit the absorption of iron and zinc

* Constituent of all body cells. * Necessary for the formation of strong, rigid bones and teeth; metabolism of carbohydrates, fats, and proteins; proper acid- base balance; and effective action of several B vitamins.

PHOSPHORUS

PHOSPHORUS: SOURCES

* Protein-rich foods such as milk, cheese, meats, poultry, and fish. * Cereals, legumes, nuts, soft drinks

PHOSPHORUS: REQUIREMENTS 0-6 months

100 mg

PHOSPHORUS: REQUIREMENTS 6-12 months

275 mg

PHOSPHORUS: REQUIREMENTS 1-3 years

380 mg

PHOSPHORUS: REQUIREMENTS 4-8 years

405 mg

PHOSPHORUS: REQUIREMENTS 9-18 years

1,055 mg

PHOSPHORUS: REQUIREMENTS 19-70+ years

580 mg

Symptoms of phosphorus deficiency include

bone demineralization (loss of minerals), fatigue, and anorexia

* Found primarily in intracellular fluid. * Essential for fluid balance and osmosis. * Maintains fluid level within the cell. * Necessary for transmitting nerve impulses and muscle contractions.

POTASSIUM

POTASSIUM: SOURCES

* Fruits–especially melons, oranges, bananas, peaches * Vegetables–mushrooms, brussel sprouts, potatoes, tomatoes, winter squash, lima beans, carrots

Deficiency of potassium Caused by diarrhea, vomiting, diabetic acidosis, severe malnutrition, or excessive use of laxatives or diuretics

Hypokalemia

Symptoms of potassium deficiency include

nausea, anorexia, fatigue, muscle weakness, heart abnormalities

Excess of potassium * Caused by dehydration, renal failure, excessive intake * Cardiac failure can result

Hyperkalemia

* Primary function is the control of fluid balance in the body. * Maintains acid-base balance. * Participates in the transmission of nerve impulses essential for normal muscle function

SODIUM

SODIUM: SOURCES

* Table salt contains 40% sodium. * Naturally available in animal foods.

One teaspoon of table salt contains ______ mg of sodium

1. 2000

SODIUM: REQUIREMENTS 0-5 months

120 mg

SODIUM: REQUIREMENTS 6-11 months

200 mg

SODIUM: REQUIREMENTS 1 year

225 mg

SODIUM: REQUIREMENTS 2-5 years

300 mg

SODIUM: REQUIREMENTS 6-9 years

400 mg

SODIUM: REQUIREMENTS 10-18 years

500 mg

SODIUM: REQUIREMENTS > 18 years

500 mg

SODIUM: DEFICIENCY

* Caused by severe vomiting, diarrhea, and heavy perspiration. * Can upset the acid-base balance. * Tetany due to alkalosis may develop.

SODIUM: EXCESS

* May cause edema and resulting hypertension. * Associated with hypertension and congestive heart failure. * Treatment includes sodium-restricted diets; 3-4g (no- added salt, or NAS) or 1-2g sodium-restricted diet. Diets below 1g rarely prescribed.

* Essential for maintenance of fluid, electrolyte, and acid-base balance. * Found in hydrochloric acid, cerebrospinal fluid, and muscle and nerve tissue. * Helps blood carry carbon dioxide to the lungs and is necessary during immune responses when white blood cells attack foreign cells.

CHLORIDE

* Vital to both hard and soft body tissues. * Essential for metabolism. * Regulates nerve and muscle function. * Plays a role in the blood-clotting process.

MAGNESIUM

MAGNESIUM: SOURCES

* Found primarily in plant foods. * Green leafy vegetables, legumes, nuts, whole grains, some fruits (avocados and bananas) * Milk in sufficient quantities

MAGNESIUM: REQUIREMENTS 0-6 months

30 mg

MAGNESIUM: REQUIREMENTS 6-12 months

75 mg

MAGNESIUM: REQUIREMENTS 1-3 years

80 mg

MAGNESIUM: REQUIREMENTS 4-8 years

130 mg

MAGNESIUM: REQUIREMENTS 9-13 years

240 mg

MAGNESIUM: REQUIREMENTS Boys and Girls 14-18 years

Boys - 410 mg Girls - 360 mg

MAGNESIUM: REQUIREMENTS Men and Women 19-30 years

Men - 400 mg Women - 310 mg

MAGNESIUM: REQUIREMENTS Men and Women 31-70+ years

Men - 420 Women - 320

MAGNESIUM: REQUIREMENTS Pregnant women and Lactating women 14-18 years

Pregnant - 400 mg Lactating - 360 mg

MAGNESIUM: REQUIREMENTS Pregnant women and Lactating women 19-30 years

Pregnant - 350 mg Lactating - 310 mg

MAGNESIUM: REQUIREMENTS Pregnant women and Lactating women 31-50 years

Pregnant - 360 mg Lactating - 320

MAGNESIUM: DEFICIENCY

* Deficiency among people on normal diets is unknown. * Experimentally induced symptoms include nausea, mental, emotional, muscular disorders.

* Necessary to all body tissue and is found in all body cells. * Contributes to the characteristic odor of burning hair and tissue. * Necessary for metabolism.

SULFUR

TRACE MINERALS list them

* Iron * Iodine * Zinc * Selenium * Copper * Manganese * Fluoride * Chromium * Molybdenum

* Delivers oxygen to body tissues. * Component of hemoglobin. * Component of myoglobin, a protein compound in muscles that provides oxygen to cells. * Utilized by enzymes that are involved in making amino acids, hormones, and neurotransmitters

IRON

IRON: SOURCES

Meat, poultry, and fish are the best sources of iron

Animal flesh contains ______ iron, which is absorbed more than twice as efficiently as __________ iron

1. heme 2. nonheme

___________ iron is found in whole grain cereals, enriched grain products, vegetables, fruit, eggs, meat, fish, and poultry

nonheme

FACTORS THAT AFFECT IRON ABSORPTION

Increase * Acid in the stomach * Heme iron * High body demand for red blood cells (blood loss, pregnancy) * Low body stores of iron * Meat protein factor (MPF) * Vitamin C Decrease * Phytic acid (in fiber) * Oxalic acid * Polyphenols in tea and coffee * Full body stores of iron * Excess of other minerals (Zn, Mn, Ca) * Some antacids

For Iron men lose approximately __ mg/day

For Iron women lose approximately __ mg/day

1.5

RDA for men is __ mg, and for women age eleven through childbearing is __ mg

1. 10 2. 15

Most common nutrient deficiency worldwide is

iron- deficiency anemia

IRON: DEFICIENCY Symptoms include

fatigue, weakness, irritability, shortness of breath, pale skin, and spoon-shaped fingernails

condition due to an inborn error of metabolism and causes excessive absorption of iron

Hemochromatosis

To control buildup of iron, patients with Hemochromoatosis must give?

blood on a regular basis

* Component of thyroid hormones, thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3). * Necessary for the normal functioning of thyroid gland, which determines rate of metabolism

IODINE

IODINE SOURCES

iodized salt, seafood, and some plant foods grown in soil bordering the sea

RDA of iodine for adults is ___ micrograms a day

150

a condition of hypothyroidism in adults

Myxedema

low thyroid in a child; retards physical and mental development

Cretinism

* Cofactor for more than 300 enzymes. * Essential for growth, wound healing, taste acuity, glucose tolerance, and mobilization of vitamin A within the body

ZINC

ZINC SOURCES

meat, fish, eggs, dairy products, wheat germ, and legumes

RDA of zinc for normal adult males is __ mg

RDA of zinc for normal adult females is __ mg

Symptoms of zinc deficiency

decreased appetite, taste acuity, delayed growth, dwarfism, hypogonadism, poor wound healing, anemia, acnelike rash, impaired immune response

* Constituent of most body tissues. * Concentrated in liver, kidneys, and heart. * Component of an enzyme that acts as an antioxidant, thereby protecting cells against oxidation and sparing vitamin E

SELENIUM

SELENIUM SOURCES

seafood, kidney, liver, muscle meats

RDA of selenium for adult male is __ micrograms

RDA of selenium for adult female is __ micrograms

Selenium supplements appear to be effective in treating ________ disease

Keshan

High doses of selenium are toxic causing

vomiting, loss of hair and nails, and skin lesions

* Found in all tissues; heaviest concentration in the liver, kidneys, muscles, and brain. * Helps in formation of hemoglobin; aids in transport of iron to bone marrow for the formation of red blood cells; and participates in energy production

COPPER

COPPER SOURCES

organ meats, shellfish, legumes, nuts, cocoa, whole grain cereals, and human milk

__________ ________ an inherited condition causing damage to liver cells and neurons. Detected early, _______-binding agents may be used to bind copper in bloodstream and increase _______

1.Wilson’s disease 2. copper 3. excretion

* Constituent of several enzymes involved in metabolism. * Important in bone formation.

MANGANESE

MANGANESE SOURCES

whole grains, tea, vegetables, and fruits

Increases resistance to dental caries, and may strengthen teeth and bones.

FLUORIDE

FLUORIDE SOURCES

fluoridated water, fish and tea. Commercially prepared foods with fluoridated water

Associated with glucose and lipid metabolism

CHROMIUM

CHROMIUM SOURCES

meat, mushrooms, nuts, yeast, organ meats, and wheat germ

Constituent of enzymes, and thought to play a role in metabolism

MOLYBDENUM

MOLYBDENUM SOURCES

milk, liver, legumes, and cereals

What is the best way to receive an adequate intake of minerals

A balanced diet is the only safe way of including minerals in the amounts necessary to maintain health

macro or micro Calcium

macro

macro or micro Phosphorus

macro

macro or micro Potassium

macro

macro or micro Sodium

macro

macro or micro Chloride

macro

macro or micro Iron

micro

macro or micro Iodine

micro

macro or micro Zinc

micro

macro or micro Selenium

micro

macro or micro Copper

micro

macro or micro Manganese

micro

macro or micro Fluoride

micro

macro or micro Chromium

micro

macro or micro Molybdenum

micro

Minerals Flashcards

(130 cards)