Minerals Flashcards
(22 cards)
How many minerals have been identified as essential?
21
Macrominerals vs microminerals
Macrominerals are those found in relatively large amounts in the body whereas microminerals or trace minerals are not
What is the other way to categorize minerals?
By function
How many of the 21 minerals have DRIs established?
15
What minerals can be excreted faster due to exercise?
Sodium, chloride and potassium in sweat
Zinc in urine post exercise
How does the body moderate how much of a mineral it has?
It can modulate the amount excreted or absorbed based on stored levels
What does excessive amounts of ingestion of zinc hinder the absorption of?
Copper iron and calcium
What is subclinical low bone mineral density called, and what percentage of the population does it effect?
Osteopenia - approx 44% of adults 50 or over in the US have osteopenia
How common are mineral deficiencies?
Not very common anymore
How long does it take for an adults skeleton to fully remodel by cell turnover?
10 years
What is the rate of bone mineral density loss in older individuals?
1% per year
What is a common cause of bone loss in older women?
Lack of estrogen
Can calcium intake prevent bone loss?
Yes, but only in middle aged men and women - older individuals still lose BMD
What mineral are young females at high risk of being deficient in?
Calcium and as they age into puberty and older, iron as well
What percentage of the body’s oxygen in transport is bound to hemoglobin?
98%
What is myoglobin and where is it found?
Myo - muscle. Found in muscle, transports oxygen in a very similar fashion to hemoglobin
What are the three most common blood tests for iron stores?
Hemoglobin count, hematocrit, and serum ferritin
What blood test measures circulating X molecule, which closely reflects the stored amount?
Ferritin - serum ferritin (ferritin in blood) closely reflects stored ferritin
What is dilutional anemia?
Temporary anemia due to an increase in plasma volume from endurance training.
What percentage of women (age 15-49) are experiencing iron deficiency anemia?
5%, with higher rates than that in athletes
What are the different forms of iron and how well are they absorbed?
Heme iron - iron found from animal foods - around 15-35% absorbed
Non-heme iron - found in plants - only around 2-20% absorbed
What mineral deficiency is associated with stunted immune system function?
Zinc - and to some degree iron
