Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

MCP > Minerals > Flashcards

Minerals Flashcards

(52 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

What are folate’s functions?

A

Precursor of THF; coenzyme involved in generating DNA precursors and protein synthesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are three defects associated with folate deficiency?

A

Neural tube defects in newborns; macrocytic anemia; hyperhomocysteinemia (cardiovascular risk)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Who is susceptible to folate deficiency?

A

Pregnant women; elderly (absorption problem); alcoholics; patients with long-term drug treatments; people with genetic polymorphisms in folate metabolism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

When is folate demand highest?

A

Pregnancy; lactation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What can lower risk of folate deficiency?

A

Grain products enriched with folate; folate supplements

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is cobalamin involved in?

A

Methionine synthesis; conversion of methylmalonyl CoA to succinyl CoA; folate metabolism!!

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is the main consequence of B12 deficiency? How is it different from B9 deficiency?

A

It is also macrocytic anemia, but you also see demyelination

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Who is susceptible to B12 deficiency?

A

Elderly, people with malabsorption diseases, vegetarians

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What does B12 contain? How does it get absorbed?

A

A cobalt; it must be released from protein by acid hydrolysis and be absorbed in ileum by combining with intrinsic factor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

With the folate trap, what two things can you not make for DNA synthesis, contributing to the megaloblastic anemia with B12 deficiency?

A

dTMP and purine ring, so not enough DNA to continue replication as a RBC would normally get smaller

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What does pernicious anemia refer to?

A

A B12-deficient anemia arising from lack of intrinsic factor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What four macrominerals does Kane cover?

A

Ca, P, S, Mg

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is calcium involved in?

A

Major component of Bone; Signaling, Coagulation (localize clots), Muscle contraction, Neurotransmission

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Calcium deficiency is characterized by what?

A

Mild: muscle cramps, osteoporosis; severe: rickets

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Who is susceptible to Ca deficiency?

A

Elderly, adult women, children

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Where is most of calcium found? What is the basic mineral component?

A

98% in bone and teeth; hydroxyapatite

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is the body’s calcium reservoir?

A

Bone, if serum levels are insufficient

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What do low serum calcium levels enhance?

A

Intestinal absorption and bone resorption

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

To prevent osteoporosis, what do people need regarding calcium intake?

A

Need to take in calcium when bone is reaching maximum density

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What does Mg do?

A

Essential for many ATPases; present at high levels in bone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is Mg deficiency related to?

Study These Flashcards
A

Weakness, tremors, cardiac arrhythmia

22
Q

Who is susceptible to Mg deficiency?

Study These Flashcards
A

Alcoholics; diuretics, or severe vomiting and diarrhea

23
Q

What does phosphorous do?

Study These Flashcards
A

Mostly phosphates; major component of bone as hydroxyapatite; seen in membrane lipids and nucleic acids; required in energy producing reactions

24
Q

What would you see in a P deficiency, if at all?

Study These Flashcards
A

Rickets, muscle weakness and breakdown, seizure

25
What is iron involved in?
O2/CO2 transport in Hg; oxphos; cofactor in nonheme iron proteins and cytochromes
26
What are iron deficiencies associated with?
Microcytic hypochromic anemia; decreased immunity
27
Who are susceptible groups for iron deficiencies?
Children, menstruating women, pregnant women, elderly
28
What promotes reduction of Fe3 to Fe2?
Vitamin C (otherwise, causes a mild anemia)
29
What are the two major barriers to Fe absorption?
Release of Fe3 from the food; and reduction of Fe3 to Fe2
30
What signals Fe2 sufficiency in the blood?
Hepcidin, which prevents excess Fe2 export from intestinal mucosal cells
31
What does one see with iron-deficient anemia?
Microcytic (small, pale RBC's); less Hg produced, and RBCs undergo more cell divisions
32
Patient symptoms of iron-deficient anemia?
Fatigue, pallor, weakness, dizziness
33
What can long term iron toxicity lead to? Which organs can be affected? What can compromised mito function lead to?
Hemochromatosis; liver, pancreatic, cardiac function, mitochondria; lactic acidosis
34
What does acute iron toxicity lead to?
Iron overdose in children (consumption of adult iron supplements?
35
What does copper aid with?
Assists Fe absorption through ceruloplasmin; cofactor for enzymes involved in collagen synthesis, FA metabolism, elimination of ROS
36
What would you see with copper deficiency?
Anemia, hypercholesterolemia, large arteries fragile, bone demineralization, demyelination
37
Who is susceptible to Cu deficiency?
Menkes' syndrome patients; consumers or excessive zinc
38
Where does Menkes syndrome come from?
Mutations in Cu transpoter ATP7 A
39
How does Wilson's disease come about?
Mutations in ATP7B, leading to copper overload; severe liver and NS symptoms
40
What does Zn do?
Cofactor for many metalloenzymes; plays structural role in many proteins
41
What are Zn deficiencies associated with?
Poor wound healing, dermatitis, poor sexual and developmental growth, and poor taste acuity
42
Who is susceptible to Zn deficiencies?
Elderly, those with malabsorption or kidney disease, alcoholics
43
What does chromium do? What is deficiency associated with?
Part of chromomodulin; facilitates insulin binding to receptor; impaired glucose tolerance
44
Who is susceptible to chromium deficiency?
Those with poor glucose tolerance
45
Iodine deficiency related to what?
Goiter; hyper- or hypothyroidism
46
What does selenium do?
Makes up antioxidant enzymes, like glutathione; makes up deiodinase enzymes
47
What is a selenium deficiency characteristic?
Keshan disease: cardiomyopathy and cretinism
48
Children most susceptible to...
Iron and calcium deficiency
49
Teenagers most susceptible to...
Ca, Mg, Vit A, C, B6
50
Women most susceptible to...
Fe, Ca, Mg, B6, Folate
51
Elderly most susceptible to...
Vit B6, B12, D, Zn, Cr
52
Alcoholics most susceptible to...
particularly B6, folate, thiamine

MCP (20 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions