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Minerals Flashcards

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0
Q

What are the macrominerals?

A 
Calcium
Phosphorus
Magnesium
Sodium
Potasium
Chlorine
Sulfur
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1
Q

What is a mineral?

A

An inorganic element required as a nutrient.

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2
Q

What are the microminerals?

A 
Manganese
Zinc
Iron
Copper
Selenium
Iodine
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3
Q

Where is most Ca and P found?

A

Teeth and bones

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4
Q

What is Ca involved with?

A

Energy metabolism, muscle contractions, and nerve signal transduction

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5
Q

What is P involved with?

A

Carbohydrate metabolism and energy metabloism

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6
Q

How is vitamin D involved with Ca and P?

A

Functions in Ca and P absorption and in bone mineralization

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7
Q

What is rickets?

A

The primary sign of a Ca, P, or vitamin D deficiency characterized by spongy, poor mineralized bones.

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8
Q

Symptoms of rickets

A

Lameness, fractures, misshapen bones, death

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9
Q

What is rickets called in adults?

A

Ostemalacia

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10
Q

What is osteoporosis?

A

A bone disorder in which bone mass decreases although mineral composition is normal

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11
Q

Hypocalcemia

A

Develops from impaired calcium mobilization from bones

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12
Q

Where are Phosphorus deficiencies common?

A

Common in places where mineral levels in soil are low - South America

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13
Q

What is the optimum Ca:P ratio?

A

2:1

High ratio of P:Ca = secondary hyperparathyroidism

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14
Q

Sources of Ca

A

Limestone
Oyster shell
Dolomitic limestone

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15
Q

Sources of P

A

Rock phosphorus
Phosphoric acid
Phosphorus excreted in feces

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16
Q

Where does 70% of Magnesium in the body occur?

A

Bone

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17
Q

What is Mg role in the body?

A

Mg serves as a cofactor of enzymes involved in energy metabolism and neuromuscular activity

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18
Q

Mg deficiency symptoms

A

Hyperirriatability, convulsions, muscle twitching, death

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19
Q

What is hypomagnesemia?

A

AKA grass tetany

Metabolic disease in cattle

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20
Q

Sources of Mg

A

Magnesium oxide and magnesium sulfate

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21
Q

Prevention of hypomagnesemia

A

Provide mineral mixes, dust magnesium oxide of pastures, and Mg bullets - lodge in reticulum

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22
Q

What three minerals regulate electrolyte balance?

A

Sodium, Potassium, and Chlorine

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23
Q

What is universally added to livestock feeds?

A

Salt - with out adequate water, salt toxicity may occur

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24
What mineral do ruminants typically conserve?
Sodium - used if diet become deficient
25
How much salt should be in swine and poultry diets?
.25 to .5 percent
26
Are Potassium levels higher in grains or roughages?
Low in grains | High in roughages
27
What can increase potassium excretion?
Stress; diarrhea and dehydration also increase excretion
28
What do salt blocks contain?
Trace minerals, dewormers, anti bloat compound, protein
29
What is widely distributed in tissues as a component of other nutrients?
Sulfur
30
What are the sulfur amino acids and vitamins?
Methionine and cysteine | Thiamin and biotin
31
Where is sulfur found in the body?
Connective tissues
32
Inorganic sulfur can be derived from...
the metabolism of S-amino acids
33
In ruminants, sulfur is required for...
Microbial synthesis of S-amino acids
34
When should sulfur be supplemented?
When NPN is fed as a major portion of the diet because sulfur is made from dietary protein
35
What role does Manganese play in the body?
Synthesis of connective tissues
36
Deficiency symptoms of Manganese
Defective bone formation, perosis (slipped tendon) in poultry, reduced growth
37
___________ have a high requirement for Mn.
Poultry
38
Sources of Mn
Mn oxide Mn carbonate Mn sulfate - most common
39
What is zinc's role in the body?
Acts as a cofactor for enzymes involved in nucleic acid and protein metabloism
40
Symptoms of Zinc deficiency
Cell replication is impaired - shows in skin, GI tract, wound repair tissue, and repro tract
41
Sources of zinc
Zinc oxide - mc Zinc carbonate Zinc sulfate - mc
42
Zinc is most likely to be deficient in what diets?
Swine and poultry
43
Why is zinc deficient in certain diets?
Phytate (high in corn and SBM) impairs zinc absorption
44
Zinc is influenced by ___________.
Chelation
45
What is a chelate and where is it found?
Found in zinc. Formed by the completing of a mineral element with an organic compound.
46
What is a stability constant?
Strength of the bond between the organic molecule and the mineral in a chelate. - If high, the chelate will be stable and may bind the mineral in a unavailable form. - EDTA has high stability constant but is absorbable
47
What species is hypocalcemia common in?
Common in dairy cattle usually after lactation begins (milk fever or parturient paresis)
48
What is pica and what mineral deficiency is it associated with?
Phosphorus deficiency | - depraved appetite and animals consume wood or bone (can cause botulism), may impair reproduction
49
What mineral is a constituent of metallo-proteins?
Iron
50
What are some metallo-proteins and enzymes?
Hemoglobin and myoglobin | Peroxidase and catalase
51
Iron fact.
Ferrous salts and sulfate are absorbed efficiently
52
What is a good source of iron?
Meat
53
What vitamin improves iron absorption?
Vitamin C
54
Symptoms of iron deficiency
Anemia and slow absorption
55
What mineral is a constituent involved in iron metabolism?
Copper
56
Symptoms of copper deficiency
- Anemia - Hair deficiency - cofactor for enzyme that converts tyrosine to melanin - Reduced growth - Aortic rupture - Cu has a role in collagen synthesis, collagen found in blood vessels - Abnormal bone formation - Ataxia - GIT disturbances - diarrhea b/c of malabsorption in intestines due to atrophy of villi
57
Copper sources
Copper sulfate - less bioavailable Copper oxide Copper lysine - chelated form
58
Where do chronic copper deficiencies occur?
In grazing animals in Florida, Western Europe, Australia, New Zealand, and South America
59
What are the symptoms of chronic copper deficiency?
Emaciation, diarrhea, depigmentation of hair, anemia
60
Chronic copper deficiency can be due to an actual deficiency or _________________________________.
Interaction with molybdenum and sulfate in rumen
61
Selenium and vitamin E interact to...
Prevent damage to cell membranes from peroxides
62
What mineral is a component of glutathione peroxidases?
Selenium
63
What mineral is a component of deiodinase? | What is deiodinase?
Selenium | Converts thyroid hormone to active form
64
Symptoms of selenium toxicity
Causes blind staggers which are characterized by abnormal hoof and hair growth, diarrhea, difficulty breathing, and death
65
Symptoms of selenium deficiency
Muscular distrophy (white muscle disease)
66
Areas that are deficient and toxic in selenium
Deficient: great plain states Toxic: pacific states
67
What is the dietary requirement of selenium in most species?
.1 ppm
68
How is selenium added to most diets and in what form?
Added in salt mixtures, directly in the feed, in oral doses, or through Se bullets - in the form of sodium selenite
69
What is the role of iodine in the body?
Acts as a component of thyroid hormones which regulate cellular metabolism
70
What is hyperparathyroidism and with what mineral is it associated?
Increase in metabolism, body tissues are oxidized which leads to emaciation
71
What is hypoparathyroidism and with what mineral is it associated?
Metabolic and growth rate decreased | Iodine
72
Symptoms of an iodine deficiency
Thyroid gland increases in size - goiter
73
Why do we use iodized salt?
US has iodine deficient water and soil
74
What can increase iodine requirements and why?
Goitrogens ( glucosinolates) interfere with iodine uptake by the thyroid gland
75
What is bioavailability of minerals?
Refers to their ability to supply minerals in a readily absorbable form
76
What can improve the bioavailability of minerals?
Chelating agents
77
What is a common source of both Ca and P?
Dicalcium Phosphate
78
What is the cause of hypomagnesemia?
Lush pastures that are low in Mg and high in ammonium which binds to available Mg to form struvites in intestines.
79
What are the symptoms of hypomagnesemia?
Tetany in neck and staggering gait | Give Ca and Mg injections to reverse
80
Symptoms of a calcium deficiency
Impaired nerve and muscle function

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