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Vitamins Flashcards

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0
Q

Grazing animals can get what vitamins from where?

A
  • D from skin synthesis during sun exposure
  • A and E from green forages
  • Most grazing animals require no vitamin supplementation
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1
Q

What vitamins do ruminants not require and why?

A

B vitamins and vitamin K because they can be synthesized by microbes

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2
Q

What animals require vitamin supplementation?

A

Swine and poultry

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3
Q

Which vitamins are fat soluble?

A

ADEK

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4
Q

Which vitamins are water soluble?

A

B vitamins

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5
Q

What role does vitamin A play in the body?

A

Essential for vision as components of visual pigments and nerve impulses via the optic nerve

Essential for synthesis of glycoproteins (constituents of cell membranes, connective tissues, and mucous secretions

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6
Q

Vitamin A deficiency symptoms

A

Blindness, abnormal bone growth, degeneration of mucous membranes, impaired growth, and reproductive defects

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7
Q

What is B carotene and what vitamin is it associated with?

A

Vitamin A
Two molecules of vitamin A bound together, must be split by an enzyme that carnivores don’t produce, found in green plant tissues

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8
Q

Beside B carotene, what are two other forms or vitamin A?

A

Vitamin A Alcohol: retinol
Fulfills all functions of vitamin A

Vitamin A Acid: retinoic acid
Fulfills all functions of vitamin A except vision

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9
Q

Vitamin A is susceptible to destruction by ____________.

A

Oxidation
Pelleting and feed storage
Rancidity
Ruminanal fermentation

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10
Q

Sources of vitamin A

A

Green feeds, dehydrated forages, and yellow corn

Synthetic sources: retinol acetate, propionate, and palmitate

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11
Q

Vitamin A toxicity symptoms

A

Toxic levels are 4-10x the nutritional requirement in non-ruminants and 10x in ruminants

Symptoms: skeletal malformation, reduced growth, conjunctivitis (yellow eye gunk due to bacteria) and reproductive failure

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12
Q

What are the two major forms vitamin D occurs in?

A 
Vitamin D2 (ergocalciferol) plant sterol
Vitamin D3 (cholecalciferol) animal sterol
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13
Q

Vitamin D sources

A

Sun cured forages (only active after cells die) and fish liver oils

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14
Q

Vitamin D does not to be supplemented if ____________.

A

There is adequate sunlight

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15
Q

What impairs the absorption of vitamin D?

A

Aflatoxins

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16
Q

What is the role of vitamin D in the body?

A

Regulates the absorption of calcium from the intestine by regulating synthesis of calcium binding protein

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17
Q

Vitamin D requirements by species

A

Llama: intense sunlight exposure in Andes, require vitamin D

African mole rat: spends life underground, no vitamin D requirement

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18
Q

Vitamin E works with selenium to…

A

Prevent cell membrane breakdown by oxidation

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19
Q

Vitamin E deficiency symptoms

A
  • muscular distrophy in most species
  • swine and rats: liver necrosis
  • rats: fetal resorption
  • poultry: encephlomalacia
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20
Q

Forms of vitamin E

A

Alpha tocopherol acetate: highest potency, stable, only acts as antioxidant if hydrolyzed in the digestive system

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21
Q

Sources of vitamin E

A

Green forages, hay, alfalfa meal, cereal grains

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22
Q

What does vitamin K do in the body?

A

Essential in activating prothrombin for blood clotting

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23
Q

What is prothrombin and what vitamin is is associated with?

A

Vitamin K

Plasma proteins, activated to thrombin which converts fibrinogen to fibrin, forming a clot

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24
What vitamin can be synthesized by ruminal and intestinal microbes?
Vitamin K
25
True or false. Vitamin K must be supplemented for swine and poultry.
True.
26
What role do B vitamins play in the body?
Function as cofactors of enzymes in energy metabolism
27
Why is toxicity of B vitamins rare?
They're water soluble.
28
Where are B vitamins synthesized?
In the rumen of ruminants
29
What is vitamin B1 and what is its role in the body?
Thiamin Functions in enzymes involved in decarboxylation reactions such as the conversion of pyruvate to acetate - build up hurts nervous system
30
Thiamine deficiency
``` Impaired carbohydrate metabolism Anorexia Convulsions Paralysis Reduced heart rate Subnormal body temperature ```
31
True or false. Most feeds contain adequate thiamin.
True.
32
What is the cause of most thiamin deficiencies?
Results from the destruction of thiamin in the diet or digestive tract -thiaminases split thiamin and destroy activity
33
Where are thiaminases found and with what vitamin are they associated?
Thiamin; found in carp, bracken fern, horsetail, and some bacteria
34
What vitamin is polioencephlomalacia associated with?
Thiamin
35
What is vitamin B2 and what is its role in the body?
Riboflavin | Acts as a cofactor of enzymes FAD and FMN which are involved in energy metabolism
36
True or false. Riboflavin is likely to be deficient in swine and poultry diets.
True
37
Riboflavin deficiency symptoms
``` Curled toe paralysis in chicks Reduced egg production and hatchability Skin lesions Reduced growth Reproductive failure ```
38
What is B3 and what is it's role in the body?
Niacin | Functions as a cofactor of NAD and NADP involved in energy metabolism
39
Does niacin have a low or high bioavailability in grains? Why or why not?
Low bioavailability because it binds to amino acids
40
Niacin deficiency symptoms
Pellagra : characterized by fiery red tongue, dermatitis, dementia, and diarrhea Leg problems in poultry
41
Forms of Niacin
Nicotinamide and nicotinic acid
42
Niacin supplementation in ruminant diets
Improves growth and milk production | Prevents ketosis in dairy cattle
43
What is ketosis and the supplementation of what vitamin prevents it?
Niacin Happens in early lactation when cow has high energy demands that can't be met be DMI so fat is mobilized and glucogenesis is performed, as fat is mobilized, blood fatty acid level increase and live converts FAs to ketone bodies
44
Signs of ketosis
First: reduced feed intake | Anorexia, pica, abnormal licking, incoordination, abnormal gait
45
What is vitamin B5 and what is its role in the body?
Pantothenic Acid | Metabolic role in coenzyme A
46
Pantothenic Acid bioavailability
High in barley, wheat, and soybean meal Low in corn and sorghum
47
Symptoms of Pantothenic Acid deficiency
Reduced growth, dermatitis, neurological problems such as goose stepping gait in pigs
48
What is vitamin B6 and what is its role in the body?
Pyridoxine | Role in protein metabolism - AA interconversion and decarboxylation
49
T/F. Pyridoxine is unlikely to be deficient in swine and poultry diets because it is adequate in grains and plant protein sources.
True
50
Pyridoxine deficiency symptoms
Convulsions, dermatitis, impaired reproduction
51
What is vitamin B7 and what is its role in the body?
Biotin | Involved in carbohydrate and fat metabolism - decarboxylation and fatty acid synthesis
52
Bioavailability of biotin
Low in wheat
53
Deficiency symptoms of biotin
NR R and horses - dermatitis - hoof cracks/lesions - cracks in foot pad - poor growth - loss of hair/feathers - poor reproduction
54
Synthetic biotin
Is expensive and destroyed by rancidity
55
What is vitamin B9 and what is its role in the body?
Folic Acid | Synthesis of hemoglobin
56
Deficiency symptoms of Folic Acid
Anemia Supplementation can enhance pig reproduction
57
What is vitamin B12 and what is its role in the body?
Cyanocobalamin | RBC formation and involved in propionic acid metabolism
58
T/F. Cyanocobalamin does occur in plants and must not be supplemented for swine and poultry.
False | Does not / must be
59
Deficiency symptoms of cyanocobalamin
Anemia and poor growth
60
How is vitamin B12 made?
Synthesized by microflora in ruminants; requires cobalt
61
What animals require vitamin C (ascorbic acid) and why?
Primates, guinea pigs, some exotics and fish species | Species lack L-gulonolactone oxidases, necessary for synthesis of ascorbic acid from glucose
62
Domestic livestock can benefit form this vitamin.
Vitamin C | Improves egg shell quality and increases resistance to heat
63
Ascorbic acid deficiency symptoms
Scurvy: weakness, anemia, bruising, bleeding gums, and loose teeth
64
Considered a vitamin even though it's not a dietary essential
Choline
65
What does choline do in the body?
Constituent of phospholipids in cell membrane and essential for nerve function
66
Name the compound in skin that is converted to cholecalciferol in the presence of sunlight.
Dehydrocholestrol

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