Minerals

Question 1

• major cation outside the cell

- regulates body water and blood pressure

Answer 1

Metabolic function of sodium

Question 2

• major anion outside the cell
• part of HCl
• participates in acid-base balance

Answer 2

Metabolic function of chloride

Question 3

• major cation inside the cell

- regulates body water and blood pressure

Answer 3

Metabolic function of potassium

Question 4

• formation of bones and teeth

- muscle contraction and relaxation

Answer 4

Metabolic function of calcium

Question 5

• formation of bones and teeth
• part of DNA, RNNA, coenzymes, and the ATP energy molecule
• transport of lipids
• acid-base balance

Answer 5

Metabolic function of phosphorus

Question 6

-participates as a cofactor in many biochemical reaction including muscle contraction and nerve conduction

Answer 6

Metabolic function of magnesium

Question 7

• part of keratin found in hair and skin-formation of collagen
• participates in acid-base balance and cellular respiration

Answer 7

Metabolic function of sulfur

Question 8

• major component of hemoglobin and myoglobin; carries oxygen and carbon dioxide
• part of cytochromes
• enhances immune system

Answer 8

Metabolic function of iron

Question 9

• a component of several metalloenzymes
• enzymes involved in iron metabolism
• connective tissue enzymes
• antioxidant enzymes

Answer 9

Metabolic function of copper

Question 10

• cofactor for several metalloenzymes
• DNA and RNA synthesis
• part of the enzyme superoxide dismutase

Answer 10

Metabolic function of zinc

Question 11

-a component of antioxidant enzymes

Answer 11

Metabolic function of selenium

Question 12

• part of fluorapatite which makes teeth stronger

- enhances bone formation

Answer 12

Metabolic function of fluoride

Question 13

-improves insulin response

Answer 13

Metabolic function of chromium

Question 14

-components of the thyroid hormone thyroxine

Answer 14

Metabolic function of iodine

Question 15

-cofactor for a variety of metalloenzymes

Answer 15

Metabolic function for molybdenum

Question 16

-cofactor for metalloenzymes involved in carbohydrate metabolism

Answer 16

Metabolic function of manganese

Question 17

• processed foods
• seaweed
• table salt

Answer 17

Food sources of sodium

Question 18

• processed food
• seaweed
• table salt
• rye

Answer 18

Food sources of chloride

Question 19

• unprocessed foods
• fruits and vegetables
• meat
• dairy
• nuts

Answer 19

Food sources of potassium

Question 20

• milk and dairy products
• leafy greens
• broccoli
• salmon
• sardines
• legumes
• calcium-fortified soymilk and juices

Answer 20

Food sources of calcium

Question 21

• meat
• fish
• poultry
• eggs
• cheese

Answer 21

Food sources of phosphorus

Question 22

• green leafy vegetables
• whole grains
• nuts
• legumes
• dairy
• fruits

Answer 22

Food sources of magnesium

Question 23

• all protein containing foods such as
• meat
• fish
• poultry
• eggs
• legumes
• nut
• dairy

Answer 23

Food sources of sulfate

Question 24

• meat
• fish
• poultry
• enriched and fortified breads and cereal

Answer 24

Food sources of iron

Question 25

- cocoa - whole grains - legumes - shellfish

Answer 25

Food sources of copper

Question 26

- seafood - meat - whole grains

Answer 26

Food sources of zinc

Question 27

- meat - seafood - fish - eggs - whole grain

Answer 27

Food sources of selenium

Question 28

- fluoridated water - tea - seaweed

Answer 28

Food sources of fluoride

Question 29

- pork - egg yolks - whole grains - nuts

Answer 29

Food sources of chromium

Question 30

- iodized salt - seafood - dairy products

Answer 30

Food sources of iodine

Question 31

- legumes - nuts - leafy vegetables - dairy - cereals

Answer 31

Food sources of molybdenum

Question 32

- beans - oats - nuts - tea

Answer 32

Food sources of manganese

Question 33

Toxicity: edema, hypertension Deficiency: headache, nausea and vomiting, fatigue, disorientation

Answer 33

Sodium

Question 34

Toxicity: vomiting Deficiency: rare that symptoms occur unless related to loss of sodium

Answer 34

Chloride

Question 35

Toxicity: irregular heartbeat and heart damage Deficiency: Muscle weakness and cramps, glucose intolerance, irregular heartbeat, and paralysis

Answer 35

Potassium

Question 36

Toxicity: constipation, impaired kidneys, calcium deposits in tissues Deficiency: bone loss (osteoporosis), bone fractures

Answer 36

Calcium

Question 37

Toxicity: decrease in bone mass, calcium deposits in tissues Deficiency: muscle weakness, bone pain

Answer 37

Phosphorus

Question 38

Toxicity: diarrhea, cramps, and nausea (only from supplementation) Deficiency: weakness and fatigue, confusion, seizures, depression, and irregular heartbeat

Answer 38

Magnesium

Question 39

Toxicity: may promote ulcerative colitis Deficiency: none known

Answer 39

Sulfate

Question 40

Toxicity: nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, constipation, organ damage including the kidney and liver Deficiency: fatigue, microcytic anemia, poor immune function, growth retardation in infants

Answer 40

Iron

Question 41

Toxicity: nausea and vomiting, abdominal pain, diarrhea, damage Deficiency: anemia, impaired immune function, impaired growth and development

Answer 41

Copper

Question 42

Toxicity: nausea and vomiting, cramps, diarrhea, loss of appetite, headaches, impaired immune function Deficiency: skin rash and hair loss, diarrhea, loss of taste and smell, depressed growth and development

Answer 42

Zinc

Question 43

Toxicity: brittle hair and nails, skin rash, garlic odor breath, fatigue, irritability Deficiency: muscle weakness and pain, may trigger Keshan disease

Answer 43

Selenium

Question 44

Toxicity: fluorosis in teeth and skeletal fluorosis Deficiency: increase susceptibility to dental caries

Answer 44

Fluoride

Question 45

Toxicity: unconfirmed Deficiency: elevated post meal blood glucose

Answer 45

Chromium

Question 46

Toxicity: thyroiditis, goiter, hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism Deficiency: goiter and cretinism

Answer 46

Iodine

Question 47

Toxicity: unknown in humans Deficiency: unknown in humans

Answer 47

Molybdenum

Question 48

Toxicity: abnormal central nervous system effects Deficiency: unknown in humans

Answer 48

Manganese