Test 3

Question 1

The average healthy adult body is composed of about __-__ percent water

Answer 1

45,75

Question 2

Water is a _____ molecule, which means it has an unbalanced charge from the positive charge on the hydrogen atoms and the negative charge on the oxygen atoms.

Answer 2

polar

Question 3

As part of blood and other fluids, water transports ______, _____ ______ and other substances between cells and tissues. It also helps maintain a constants body _______; lubricates and protects ______ and other areas; triggers chemical reactions, and enables acid-base balance to take place within the cells.

Answer 3

nutrients, waste products, temperature, joints

Question 4

Water works well as a coolant because it has a high _______ ___, the amount of energy required to raise 1 gram of water 1 degree Celsius

Answer 4

specific heat

Question 5

During digestion, water _______ the bonds that hold carbohydrates, protein, and fat molecules together

Answer 5

hydrolyzes

Question 6

___-___ ______ is essential to maintain homeostasis in the body

Answer 6

acid-base balance

Question 7

______ tissue has more water than ___ tissue

Answer 7

muscle, fat

Question 8

When the amount of water consumed is equal to the amount excreted, the body is in ____ ______

Answer 8

water balance

Question 9

Water that is generated during metabolism is ______ ______

Answer 9

metabolic water

Question 10

Water is excreted through the _____, _____ _______, ____, and ____

Answer 10

kidneys, large intestine, lungs, and skin

Question 11

The _____ play the primary role in fluid excretion

Answer 11

kidneys

Question 12

Every day the kidneys filter nearly ___ litters of blood; thus, the body’s entire blood volume is filtered 20 or more times each day

Answer 12

20

Question 13

Water that evaporates during exhalation and water lost through the skin as the body releases heat constitute ________ ___ ____, which takes place throughout the day, generally without being noticed

Answer 13

insensible water loss

Question 14

2/3 of the body’s fluids are located within cells; this is call ____________ _____. The remaining 1/3 is located outside the cells and is called ________ ____

Answer 14

Intracellular fluid (ICF), extracellular fluid (ECF)

Question 15

ICF contain high levels of _______ and ______ and low levels of _______ and ______. ECF has high levels of _______ and ______ and low levels of _______ -________

Answer 15

potassium, phosphate, sodium, chloride

sodium, chloride, potassium, phosphate

Question 16

There are two types of ECF: __________ ______ and __________ _____

Answer 16

intravascular fluid, interstitial fluid

Question 17

____________ _____ is the fluid portion of blood-called plasma- and lymph and circulates throughout the body

Answer 17

intravascular fluid

Question 18

________ _____ bathes the outsides of cells, but does not circulate throughout the body. It makes up about 75 percent of the ECF and acts as an area of exchange between the blood and the cells

Answer 18

interstitial fluid

Question 19

The minerals that participate in fluid balance are known as ________ because, in solution, they exist as charged ions capable of conduction an electrical current

Answer 19

electrolyte

Question 20

The difference between the osmolality on each side of the permeable membrane is called the _______ ________

Answer 20

osmotic gradient

Question 21

The pressure exerted by the flow of water toward either side of a semipermeable membrane is known as the _______ ______

Answer 21

osmotic pressure

Question 22

As the osmolality increases in the ECF, water is drawn from the ___ into the ___, which increases the ________ ________ in the ECF until balance is achieves

Answer 22

ICF, ECF, osmotic pressure

Question 23

Sodium and potassium influence fluid balance through the action of the ______-______ ___, which is the mechanism that maintains the normal electrolyte concentrations within the cell

Answer 23

sodium-potassium pump

Question 24

Sodium tends to leaks ____ the cell whereas potassium leaks ___ of the cell

Answer 24

into, out

Question 25

Sodium is normally more concentrated in the ____ than the ___

Answer 25

ECF, ICF

Question 26

As water moves into the cell, the cell swells, and osmotic pressure increases. Healthy cells do not burst, however, because the sodium-potassium pump transports _ sodium ions out of the cells and exchanges them for _ potassium ions that move inside the cell.

Answer 26

3,2

Question 27

As sodium ions move back inside the cell and across the cell membrane, they drag ______ along with them by binding to the same carrier protein. This allows glucose to move from a lower concentration in the ___ to a higher concentration in the ___. The sodium is then pumped back out of the cell to begin again.

Answer 27

glucose, ECF, ICF

Question 28

_______ in the blood helps maintain fluid balance between the interstitial fluid and the intravascular fluid

Answer 28

Albumin

Question 29

If the body retains too much fluid, ______ ______- and therefore blood pressure- is likely to rise.

Answer 29

blood volume

Question 30

What are the three hormones that help the kidneys regulate blood volume and electrolyte balance?

Answer 30

antidiuretic hormone (vasopressin) angiotensin aldosterone the enzyme renin also helps

Question 31

When blood volume drops, the _______ detects a decrease in blood pressure and an increase in the concentration of electrolytes. This stimulates the ______ mechanism and fluid intake. At the same time you begin to feel thirsty, the hypothalamus stimulates the ________ glans to release __________ ______. ADH travels through the blood to the kidneys and stimulates the reabsorption of water, which reduces urine production.

Answer 31

hypothalamus, thirst , pituitary, antidiuretic hormone

Question 32

The enzyme _____, secreted by the kidneys, is release when blood pressure falls or plasma sodium concentration decreases. This enzyme splits off a protein called _________ I from a precursor protein called ____________ that is produced by the liver and found in the blood. As the blood flows into the lungs, angiotensin I is swiftly converted to _________ II, which has both short-term and long-term effects on blood pressure

Answer 32

renin, angiotensin I, angiotensinogen, angiotensin II

Question 33

_________ II is a powerful vasoconstrictor.

Answer 33

Angiotensin

Question 34

Angiotensin II can stimulate the _____ to reabsorb water and electrolytes to increase blood volume and blood pressure, and stimulate the ______ ______ to release aldosterone

Answer 34

kidneys, adrenal glands

Question 35

Alcoholic beverages, regular coffee, and tea contribute significantly to total water intake, but alcohol and caffeine are also considered ________, and contribute to water loss

Answer 35

diuretics

Question 36

_____ is a mild diuretic that blocks the action of ADH in the kidneys. Alcohol also interferes with water balance by inhibiting ADH

Answer 36

caffeine

Question 37

Unlike caffeine, alcohol can be _______

Answer 37

dehydrating

Question 38

Pharmaceutical _______ are often prescribed as a first line of treatment for ____________

Answer 38

diuretics, hypertension

Question 39

______ _________ is rare because healthy individuals who consume a balanced diet simply produce more urine to eliminate excess water

Answer 39

water intoxication

Question 40

Excessive dilution or depletion of blood sodium is known as _________. It can also be caused by heart failure, kidney disease, diarrhea, and other disorders

Answer 40

hyponatremia

Question 41

_______ is a depletion of body fluids and occurs much more frequently and can be very harmful.

Answer 41

Dehydration

Question 42

The dry mouth is part of your ______ ______, which is controlled by a cluster if cells, collectively called the thirst center, in the hypothalamus

Answer 42

thirst mechanism

Question 43

Water Soluble Vitamins (9)

Answer 43

``` Thiamin (B1) Riboflavin (B2) Niacin (B3) Pantothenic Acid Biotin Vitamin B6 Folate Vitamin B12 Vitamin C ```

Question 44

Water-soluble vitamins differ from fat-soluble vitamins in that they dissolve in _____, are generally not stored in the ____, and are often excreted through the ______

Answer 44

water, body, urine

Question 45

Many water-soluble vitamins leach into water or are easily destroyed by ___, _____, __, or _________

Answer 45

heat, light, pH, oxidation

Question 46

In _____, water-soluble vitamins are usually attached to ______ and require hydrolysis during digestion to free the vitamin for absorption

Answer 46

foods, protein

Question 47

Once digestion has released the vitamins, they pass through the small intestine by ______ _______ when the diet contains large amounts and by _____ ______ when intakes are low.

Answer 47

passive diffusion, active transport

Question 48

The absorbed vitamins are then transported through the portal vein to the ______

Answer 48

liver

Question 49

The B vitamins do share a role in energy production as _________ that unlock energy captured in the energy nutrients

Answer 49

coenzymes

Question 50

Water-soluble vitamins also involved in ______ formation, maintaining a healthy _______ system, and, in the case of vitamin C, act as an ____________

Answer 50

blood, nervous, antioxidants

Question 51

Folate and vitamin B12 function as coenzymes in the formation of red blood cells, a process called ________, and the replenishment of cells

Answer 51

hemopoiesis

Question 52

Dietary forms of thiamin are converted to the active coenzyme form, ________ __________ (TPP), in the body by adding two phosphate groups to the molecule

Answer 52

thiamin pyrophosphate

Question 53

- coenzyme in carbohydrate and BCAA metabolism - found in pork, enriched and fortified foods, and whole grain - no toxicity - deficiency: beriberi - coenzyme form: TPP - pH sensitive

Answer 53

B1/ Thiamin

Question 54

- UV sensitive - coenzyme in oxidation-reduction reaction and involved in energy and fat metabolism - found in milk, enriched and fortified foods, and whole grains - no toxicity - deficiency: ariboflavinosis (inflammation of the mouth and tongue) - Coenzyme form: FAD, FMN

Answer 54

B2/ Riboflavin

Question 55

_____ _____________ is composed of three rings plus a sugar alcohol, shown as a straight chain.

Answer 55

Flavin mononucleotide

Question 56

-pH sensitive - coenzyme in oxidation-reduction reactions and involved in energy and fat metabolism, and in DNA -found in lean meats, enriched and fortified grains and cereals -toxicity: flushing, blurred vision, liver dysfunction and glucose intolerance deficiency: pellagra (4 D's) Coenzyme forms: NAD and NADP

Answer 56

B3/ Niacin

Question 57

- part of coenzyme A used in energy metabolism -widespread in foods, including whole grains cereals, nut and legumes, peanut butter, meat milk, and eggs - no toxicity -deficiency: fatigue, nausea, numbness, muscle cramps, and difficulty walking Coenzyme form: Coenzyme A

Answer 57

Pantothenic Acid

Question 58

-involved in energy metabolism, fat synthesis, glycogenesis, and amino acid metabolism -found in peanuts, yeast, egg yolks, grains, liver and other organ meats, and fish; also produced by bacteria in GI tract -no toxicity -deficiency: symptoms include dermatitis, conjunctivitis, depression, and hair loss coenzyme form: biotin

Answer 58

Biotin

Question 59

- involved in protein metabolism, homocysteine metabolism, and glycogenolysis - found in fortified cereals, meat, fish, poultry, many vegetables and fruits, nuts, peanut butter, and other legume - toxicity: some tongue dermatitis, depression, confusion, irritability, headaches, and nerve damage - deficiency: microcytic hypochromic anemia (fatigue, paleness of skin, shortness of breath, dizziness, and lack of appetite) - Coenzyme form: PLP

Answer 59

Vitamin B6

Question 60

- involved in DNA and red blood cell formation and homocysteine metabolism - found in dark green leafy vegetables, enriched pasta, rice, breads and cereals, and legumes - toxicity: masks vitamin B12 deficiency deficiency: macrocytic anemia (fatigue, headache, glossitis, and GI tract symptoms such as diarrhea) - coenzyme form: THF

Answer 60

Folate

Question 61

- involved in synthesis of new cells, especially red blood cells, health of nerve tissue, activates folate, catabolism of amino acid and fatty acids in energy/metabolism - found in animal products including lean meats, fish, poultry, eggs, and cheese, and fortified foods - no toxicity - deficiency: pernicious anemia (fatigue, glossitis, and nerve damage) - coenzyme form: methyl-cobalamin

Answer 61

Vitamin B12

Question 62

- involved in collagen formation, antioxidant, iron absorption, and immune system - found in citrus fruit, tomatoes, pepper, potatoes, broccoli, and cantaloupe - toxicity: nausea, diarrhea, fatigue, insomnia deficiency: scurvy (bleeding gums, pinpoint hemorrhages, and joint pain) - coenzyme form: ascorbic acid

Answer 62

Vitamin C

Question 63

The vitamin itself is not stored, but high levels of acetyl CoA are found in the ____, ______. ______ ____, and _____

Answer 63

liver, kidney, adrenal glands, and brain

Question 64

________ are tasteless organic compounds the body requires in small amounts for normal metabolic functions

Answer 64

Vitamins

Question 65

Fat Soluble Vitamins (4)

Answer 65

A, D, E, K

Question 66

Vitamins that are also antioxidants

Answer 66

C, E

Question 67

Vitamins that help in blood clotting and red blood cell synthesis

Answer 67

Folate, B6, B12, K

Question 68

Vitamins that help bone health

Answer 68

A, C, D, K

Question 69

Vitamins that help with energy production

Answer 69

Biotin, niacin, pantothenic acid, riboflavin, thiamin, B6, B12

Question 70

Vitamins that help in growth and reproduction

Answer 70

A, D

Question 71

Vitamins that help in immune function

Answer 71

A, C, D

Question 72

Vitamins that help n protein metabolism and synthesis

Answer 72

Folate, B6, B12, C

Question 73

__________ are substances found in foods that are not in a form directly usable by the body

Answer 73

Provitamins

Question 74

Vitamins found in foods that are already in the active for, called _______ ________, do not undergo conversion

Answer 74

preformed vitamin

Question 75

In general, _____ soluble vitamin are less bioavailable than _____ soluble vitamins because fat-soluble vitamins require bile and the formation of micelles in order to be absorbed.

Answer 75

fat, water

Question 76

Vitamins in ______ foods are typically less bioavailable than those in ______ foods because plant fiber can trap vitamins

Answer 76

plant, animal

Question 77

___________ are a group of compound that include vitamin E and C, the mineral selenium, and several phytochemicals, including flavonoids and carotenoids

Answer 77

antioxidants

Question 78

- involved in vision, protein synthesis, growth, immune function, and bone health - found in beef live and fortified dairy products - toxicity: compromised bone health, birth defects during pregnancy - deficiency- night blindness, xerophthalmia, keratinization, increase vulnerability to infection

Answer 78

A

Question 79

- involved in calcium balance, bone health, cell differentiation, and immune system - found in fatty fish such as salmon, tuna, and sardines, fortified foods such as fairy products, orange juice, and cereals - toxicity: hypercalcemia - deficiency- rickets and osteomalcia

Answer 79

D

Question 80

involved in antioxidant, health of cell membranes, and heart health - found in vegetables and seed oils, nuts, seeds, fortified cereals, and green leafy vegetables - toxicity- nerve problems, muscle weakness, and uncontrolled movement of body parts - deficiency- hemolysis of RBCs

Answer 80

E

Question 81

involved in carboxylation, blood clotting, and bone health - found in green, leafy vegetables, soybeans, canola and soybean oils, and beef liver - no toxicity - deficiency- excessive bleeding

Answer 81

K