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2nd yr- IBMS- e lecs > Minerals > Flashcards

Minerals Flashcards

1
Q

When can mineral deficient occur?

A

When crops are grown on poor soils

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2
Q

Give examples of macro minerals

A
  1. Calcium (Ca)
  2. Magnesium (Mg)
  3. Phosphorous (P)
  4. Sodium (Na)
  5. Potassium (K)
  6. Chlorine (Cl)
  7. Sulphur (S)
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3
Q

Give examples of ‘trace eleements’

A
  1. Iron (fe)
  2. Zinc (Zn)
  3. Copper (Cu)
  4. Cobalt (Bo)
  5. Iodine (I)
  6. Chromium (Cr)
  7. Manganese
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4
Q

What is the RNI for macro minerals

A

more than 100mg/day

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5
Q

What is the RNI for trace elements

A

Less than 100mg/day

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6
Q

Name the most abundant mineral in humans

A

Calcium (Ca)

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7
Q

Where is the majority of calcium in the body found?

A

99% Found in the skeleton

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8
Q

What is the RNI for calcium?

A

700mg/day

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9
Q

At which stages in your life would you require more chocolate than usual?

A
  1. During growth
  2. Pregnancy
  3. Lactation
  4. Post menopause
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10
Q

Give some dietary sources of calcium

A
  1. Diary

2. Fortified foods like bread and orange juice

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11
Q

How much calcium is taken up though our diet?

A

15-45% Is taken up from the diet

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12
Q

From which foods is the dietary uptake of calcium poor?

A

Calcium in spinach and other leafy veg as they form a complex with oxalic acid

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13
Q

What inhibits calcium uptake and where is it found?

A

Phytate in some beans/cereals/peas/nuts inhibits Ca uptake

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14
Q

What increases calcium uptake?

A

Absorption greatly increased by parathyroid hormone and active vitamin D

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15
Q

What is the function of calcium?

A
  1. Structural in skeleton
  2. As an intracellular second messenger (like cAMP)
  3. Used in transition at synapses
  4. Muscle contraction
  5. Needed in blood clotting
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16
Q

What is calcium deficiency due to?

A

Due to:
1. calcium deficient diet
2 .Secondary D deficiency
3. Malabsorption

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17
Q

What can calcium deficiency cause?

A 
Causes ostemalacia (rickets)
Usually caused by secondary deficiency in vitamin D but isn't helped by a calcium poor diet
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18
Q

What oral problems can a calcium deficiency cause?

A
  1. Incomplete mineralisation of teeth
  2. Increased caries risk
  3. Tooth malformation
  4. Increased his of periodontal problems
  5. Increased risk for gingival detachment if calcium consumed is less than 500mg a day
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19
Q

What is an excess of calcium usually caused by?

A

Caused by hyperparathyroidism

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20
Q

Is it normal to consume too much calcium?

A

No it is hard for a healthy person to consume too much calcium in a normal diet

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21
Q

What problems are associated with excess calcium?

A
  1. Calcium salts deposited in soft tissues
  2. Renal stones
  3. Calcified arteries
  4. arrhythmias,
  5. weakness
  6. anorexia,
  7. constipation
  8. sluggish nervous response
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22
Q

What is the RNI for phosphorous?

A

550mg per day

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23
Q

When might you need to consume more phosphorous?

A

Higher during:

  1. Growth
  2. Pregnancy
  3. Lactation
  4. Post menopause
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24
Q

Give some dietary sources of phosphorous

A

Found in most foods (dietary deficiency of phosphorous is rare)

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25
How much phosphorous is taken up though our diet?
50-70% of phosphorous in diet is absorbed
26
What increases the adsorption of phosphorous
Enhanced by vitamin D
27
What are the functions of phosphorous?
1. Helps with calcium in mineralised tissues 2. Is a biological buffer 3. Hello in many biomolecules and processes (eg ATP, DNA, RNA)
28
What is a phosphorous deficiency usually caused by?
Usually die: 1. to kidney disfunction 2. alumni in antacids 3. Total starvation
29
What effect can a severe phosphorous deficiency have?
1. Will affect the functioning of all cells 2. Impacts bone metabolism leading o rickets and osteomalacia 3. Oral problems
30
What oral problems can phosphorous deficiency lead to?
1, Incomplete mineralisation of tech 2 .Increased caries 3 Rooth malformation 4. Increased risk of periodontal problem s
31
What can an excess of phosphorous cause?
1. Can lead to disturbances of calcium balance | 2. Increased porosity of the skeleton
32
Is calcium is a trace or macro mineral?
Macro molecule
33
Is iron a trace of Macro mineral?
Trace
34
Is phosphorous a trace or macro mineral?
Macro molecule
35
How much iron is lost and how?
Up to 1mg of iron is lost a day via gastrointestinal tract
36
Why is the required iron and RNI of iron different?
As iron absorption is not efficient
37
What is the required iron conc for men and what is the RNI?
Requried: 1mg/day RNI: 8.7mg/day
38
Wha is the RNI for women?
14.8 mg/day
39
Give the 2 forms of iron found in our diet?
1. Haem | 2. Non haem
40
Give some dietary sources of haem iron
1. Liver | 2. Meat
41
Give some dietary sources of non haem iron
1. Green veg | 2. Cereals
42
Which form of iron is absorbed faster?
Haem iron
43
What is haem iron converted to in the body?
from haemoglobin or myoglobin
44
Give examples of foods that can help increase the absorption of non-haem iron
1. Meat proteins 2. Vitamin C 3. Alcohol
45
Give examples of foods that decrease the absorption of non-haem iron
1. Tannins 2. Calcium 3. Polyphenois 4. Phytates found in legumes and whole grains 5. Oxalate in green leafy veg
46
Give examples of foods that INHIBIT the absorption of non-haem iron
Some proteins found in soybeans
47
What causes iron deficiency
1. Inadequate dietary intake of iron | 2. Blood loss (Menstruation, ulcers etc)
48
What can iron deficiency lead to?
Anaemia
49
What is the function of iron?
Involved in many proteins and enzymes like electron transport proteins
50
What problems can iron cause if It is consumed in excess?
Iron is toxic and is transported in blood bound to transferrin
51
Where is iron stored?
Iron is stored and bound to ferritin bone marrow and spleen and haemosiderin in liver.
52
In a 70kg man how much iron is carried in blood in transferrin?
3-4mg
53
In a 70kg man how much iron is in red blood cells?
2500mg
54
In a 70kg man how much iron is in myoglobin and various enzymes?
399mg
55
In a 70kg man how much iron is stored in ferritin ?
1000mg
56
In a 70kg man how much iron is lost per day?
1mg
57
In a 70kg man how much iron is gained from the diet?
1mg
58
How are iron levels controlled?
Via adsorption as theres no specific route by which iron is excreted
59
Why is excess iron toxic?
As iron will e deposited in the issues which disrupts function (free radical damage)
60
How has the highest risk of developing heart disease?
Post menopausal women have higher risk of heart disease than premenopausal women
61
Is iodine a trace macro mineral?
Trace element
62
What is the RNI for iodine?
140micro grams per day
63
Give some dietary sources of iodine
1. Sea food | 2. Dairy products
64
What is the function of iodine?
1. Synthesis of thyroid hormones by thyroid gland 2. Control metabolic rate 3. eSSENTIAL FOR BRAIN DEVELOPMENT INE ARLY LIFE
65
What can iodine deficiency cause?
1. Causes reduced synthesis of thyroid hormones 2. Goitre in children and adults 3. Mental retardation in neonates
66
What is the RNI of sodium?
1.6mg per day
67
What is the GDA of sodium set at?
6g per day
68
Where does most dietary sodium come from?
Salt
69
What are the main function software sodium?
1. It is the main cation in extracellular fluid 2. Controls ECF volume 3. Na+ gradient is used to transport molecules 4. Neuromuscular transmission
70
What is sodium deficiency due to?
1. Vomiting 2. diarrhoea 3. Diuretics 3. Addison's disease 4. Renal problems
71
What can sodium ions cause?
Can cause water loss and decreased plasma volume | Can lead to circulatory failure an collapse
72
What can excess sodium lead to?
Plays a role in hypertension in sensitive individuals
73
What is the RNI of potassium?
3.5g per day
74
What are the functions of potassium?
1. It is the main cation in intracellular fluid 2. Neuromuscular transmission 4. Renal acid/base control
75
What is potassium deficiency due to?
1. Vomiting 2. Diarrhoea, 3. Diuretics 4. steroid use, 5. Renal problems.
76
What can Potassium deficiency lead to?
Potassium loss causes: arrhythmias | neuromuscular weakness
77
What can an excess in potassium lead to?
Hyperkalemia which requires immediate treatment
78
What is the RNI for chloride?
2.5mg per day
79
Give some dietary sources off chloride
1. Meat 2. Sea food 3. Eggs 4. Salt
80
What is chloride deficiency associated with?
It is rare and usually associated with sodium loss
81
What is the function of chloride in the body?
It is a major anion in the body
82
Is copper a trace or macro mineral?
Trace element
83
What is the RNI for copper?
1.2mg per day
84
Give some dietary sources of copper
1. Liver 2. Shell fish 3. Nuts 4. Legumes 5. Whole grain
85
What is the function os copper in the body?
It is required as a cofactor for may enzymes for example: 1. Cytochrome oxidase (electron transport chain) 2. Lysyl oxidase (cross links in collagen) 3. Proteins associated with iron absorption 4. Enzymes associate with synthesis of melanin 5. Oxidant enzymes
86
What can inhibit the absorption of copper?
Too much zinc, vitamin C or antacids cn inhibit absorption
87
What are some symptoms of copper deficiency?
1. Tissue fragility 2. Fragile bones 3. Ruptured aorta 4. Diminished skin pigment 5. Neurological disorders
88
When can copper be an excess in the body?
In people suffering from Wilson's disease which impairs copper excretion in BILE
89
What can happen to someone suffering from Wilson's disease
Copper can accumulate in the brain and liver causing severe damage like rings in the eyes
90
What is the RNI or magnesium?
270mg per day
91
What is the function of magnesium?
1. It plays a major role in bone biology 2. It is a cofactor for more than 30 enzymes 3. Involved in blood clotting 4. Activation of vitamin D 5. DNA and RNA synthesis 6. nerve transmission 6. Muscle contraction
92
What does Mg stabilise?
Stabilises ATP
93
In whom is magnesium deficiency common in
Alcoholics
94
What can magnesium deficiency cause?
Causes: 1. neuromuscular spasms 2. Arrhythmia 3. Increased heart rate 4. Increased fragility of bone 5. Gingival problems
95
When is excess magnesium due to?
Due to medication
96
What can excess magnesium cause?
1. Diarrhoea 2. Nausea 3. Cramping
97
Is zinc a trace or macro mineral?
A trace mineral
98
What are the functions of zinc in the body?
1. It is a co facto involved in metabolism and DNA and protein synthesis 2. Forms zinc fingers which are involved in transcription factors that interact with DNA
99
What can zinc deficiency lead to?
1. Decreased DNA and protein synthesis wihich retards growth 2. Delayed wound healing 3. Compromised immunity 4. Delays onset of puberty 5. . Impais sense of taste and smell
100
Give some dietary sources of chromium?
1. Whole grains 2. Potatoes 3. Oysters 4. Livers 5. Seafood 6. Cheese 7. Chicken 8. Neat
101
What are the functions of chromium?
Improves insulin function by increasing insulin binding to cells, insulin receptors summer and phosphorylation
102
In whom is chromium deficiency common in?
People who eat just refined/ processed food

2nd yr- IBMS- e lecs (4 decks)

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