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2nd yr- IBMS- e lecs > Vitamins Pantothenic acid & Biotin > Flashcards

Vitamins Pantothenic acid & Biotin Flashcards

(96 cards)

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1
Q

Name the vitamin that is important in blood clotting

A

Vitamin K

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2
Q

What is vitamin K important in ?

A

Blood clotting and the formation of mineralised tissue

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3
Q

Name the main sources of vitamin K from your diet

A
  1. Green veg
  2. Egg yolk
  3. Liver
  4. Cereals
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4
Q

Where is vitamin k made in the body?

A

Made by gut bacteria (about half of out vitamin K comes from the gut bacteria)

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5
Q

What can vitamin K deficiency be caused by?

A
  1. Lack of vitamin K in the diet
  2. long term antibiotic use decreasing levels of gut bacteria
  3. Taking anticoagulant drugs like warfarin
  4. Neworn babes have a sterile gut so can’t make vitamin K in the first week of their life
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6
Q

What is the function of vitamin K

A

It inessential in the formation of gamma carboxyglutamate carbon

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7
Q

Give examples of gamma carboxyglutamate

A

Amino acid glutamate that can a carboxyl group added to the gamma carbon end of its side chain

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8
Q

How do babies get vitamin K in the fist week of their life and why is vitamin K important for babies?

A

Babies are given a vitamin K injection after first to protect them against internal bleeding

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9
Q

How does vitamin K help in the gamma carboxylation reaction?

A

Vitamin k acts as a coenzyme

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10
Q

Why is the extra carboxyl group added to a gamma carbon in proteins?

A

the extra carboxyl group allows γ carboxyglutamate to bind calcium ions

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11
Q

Wha is the function of gamma-carboxyglutamate containing proteins

A
  1. Important in blood clotting

2. In bone mineralisation

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12
Q

Which blood clotting factors contain gamma-carboxyglutamate?

A

Clotting factors ii. Vii, IX and X

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13
Q

What effect does a vitamin K deficiency have on gamma-carboxyglutamate ?

A

THE gamma-carboxyglutamate remains as glutamate and clotting is impaired

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14
Q

How do anticoagulants like warfarin work?

A

Warfarin is antagonistic to vitamin K so inhibits the clotting by preventing gamma carboxylation
This means calcium ions can’t bind and calcium ions are required for blood clotting

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15
Q

What is used to treat warfarin poisoning?

A

Vitamin K injection

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16
Q

Name a protein important in bone mineralisation

A

Osteocalcin

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17
Q

How is gamma-carboxyglutamate used in bone mineralisation

A

As osteocalcin contains gamma-carboxyglutamate

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18
Q

What risk do babies born to mothers taking warfarin have?

A

They have a risk of having severe bone deformities (foetal warfarin syndrome)

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19
Q

What is the recommended amount of vitamin A a person should have?

A

Men: 700mg a day
Women: 600mg a day

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20
Q

What is another name for vitamin A?

A

Retinol

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21
Q

Give some sources of vitamin A we can get from our diet

A
  1. Butter
  2. Whole milk
  3. Egg you
  4. Liver
  5. Fish oils
  6. Most green/ yellow or orange vegetables
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22
Q

What happens if someone takes too much vitamin A

A

Excess intake of vitamin A is toxic and leads to:

  1. skin disorders
  2. nerve disorders
  3. Congenital foetal malformation
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23
Q

What should pregnant women avoid eating and why?

A

Liver as it contains a lot of vitamin A

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24
Q

Why can vitamin A lead to congenital foetal malformation?

A

As it is a teratogenic

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25
Name the three active forms of vitamin A
1. Retinal 2. Retinoic acid 3. B carotene
26
What is the function of retinal?
Retinal binds to opsin to form the visual pigment rhodopsin
27
What is rhodopsin?
It is the pigment in the retinal rod cell which allows us to see in low light conditions
28
What is the function of retinoid acid?
It acts as a steroid hormone increasing the transcription of proteins controlling cell growth and differentiation of cells (important in growth and development)
29
What is B carotene
An antioxidant
30
What is the function of B carotene
It is an antioxidant important in protecting DNA against oxidative damage which may cause cancer
31
What is the MAIN function of vitamin A?
To control cell division and differentiation
32
Name some metabolic processes where vitamin A is important
1. Immunity 2. Bone and teeth development 3. Reproduction 4. Health of epithelial cells 5. Maintaining stability of cell membranes
33
Where is vitamin A stored?
In the liver
34
What are mild vitamin A deficiencies characterised by?
Characterised by: 1. follicular hyperkeratosis 2. Anaemia 3. Increased susceptibility to infection 4. Night blindness
35
What can severe vitamin A lead to?
Leads to progressive keratinisation of the cornea leading to xerophthalmia
36
What can the progression of xerophthalmia lead to?
In the final stages infection usually sets in with resulting haemorrhaging of the eye and permanent loss of vision
37
What are some oral implications of vitamin A deficiency?
1. Inadequate differentiation of cells leading to impaired healing 2. Desquamation of oral mucosa 3. Keratosis 4. Gingival hypertrophy 5. Loss of taste 6. Disturbed enamel 7. Dentine formation
38
What is vitamin A deficiency a cause of?
It is the most most important | preventable cause of blindness.
39
Which medicine is vitamin A often added too?
many medicinal skin applications (for severe acne) contain vitamin A as do some cosmetic creams.
40
What is thiamin?
Vitamin B1
41
what is the recommended daily amount of thiamin?
Men: 1mg per day Women: 0.8mg per day
42
Give some sources of vitamin b1 (Thiamin) we can get from our diet
1. Whole grains 2. Pork yeast 3. Diary products 4. Legumes
43
What is the function of thiamin?
1. It is a coenzyme in several dehydrogenase enzymes involved in catabolism 2. Important in conduction of nerve impulses
44
What can thiamin deficient lead to?
1, Berlberi 2. Wernicke- Korsakoff syndrome
45
What can berlberi cause?
Causes: 1. Fatigue 2. nerve damage 3. Heart can be affected on the high side leading to oedema
46
What causes Wernicke- | Korsakoff syndrome?
Thiamine deficiente due to increased alcohol intake
47
How does alcohol lead to thiamine deficiency?
Alcohol impairs intake from the diet
48
What is Wernicke- | Korsakoff syndrome characterised by?
1. Apathy 2. Loss of memory 3. Side to side motion of the eye balls
49
What is thiamine advertised as and why?
Advertised as a vitamin that helps us to obtain energy from our food This is because it is a coenzyme for some dehydrogenases
50
What effect does thiamine deficiency have on the oral environment
1. Burning tongue | 2, Oral mucosal sensitivity
51
What is pyridoxine?
Vitamin B6
52
What is the recommended amount of pyridoxine?
men: 1.4mg per day Women: 1.2mg per day
53
What can large doses of pyridoxine lead to?
Severe nerve damage
54
Name some dietary sources of pyridoxine
1. Wheat 2. Egg yolk 3. Liver 4. Fish 5. Poultry
55
What is the function of pyridoxine?
pyridoxine phosphate is a co enzyme in many reactions including transamination and deamination
56
Name some medications that might cause pyridoxine deficiency?
Oral contraceptives
57
Pyridoxine is sometimes given to help ease what problem?
Pre menstrual tension
58
Who might suffer from pyridoxine deficiency?
1. Babies fed formula milk 2. Old people 3. alcoholics
59
Give some symptoms of pyridoxine deficiency
1. Anaemia 2. Depression 3. Concussion
60
What does transaminase involce?
Involves the transfer of an amino group from an amino acid to a keto acid
61
What is vitamin B6 attached to?
Attached to the transaminase enzyme in the form of pyridoxal | phosphate.
62
What is tocopherol?
Vitamin E
63
When can vitamin E deficiency occur?
Only occurs secondary to lipid absorption disorders since vitamin E is adsorbed in lipids New borns may be deficient
64
What does vitamin E consist of?
Consists of 8 vitals related to tocopherols and tocotrienois
65
Name some dietary sources of vitamin E
1. Green vegetables 2. Wheat germ oils 3. Nuts
66
What is vitamin E?
It is an antioxidant
67
What is the function of vitamin E?
antioxidant. It protects vitamin A, cell membrane components, red blood cells and low density lipoproteins (LDL) against oxidation. The proetection of LDLs may decrease the risk of heart disease
68
What can a lack in vitamin E result in?
Results in sterility in animals
69
What is Riboflavin?
Vitamin B2
70
What is the recommended amount of Riboflavin?
Men: 1.3mg per day Women: 1.1mg per dat
71
Is Riboflavintoxic?
no
72
Give some dietary sources of Riboflavin
1. Milk 2. Eggs 3. Liver
73
What is the active form of Riboflavin
Active as flavin mono nucleotide (FMN) and flavin adrenaline dinucleotide (FAD)
74
What is the function of Riboflavin?
Their active forms are FMN and FAD which are co enzymes associated with a number of oxidases and dehydrogenase It is a vitamin that allows us to obtain energy from food
75
Who is more likely to get Riboflavin deficiency?
It is rare except in: 1. Alcoholics 2. Elderly
76
Give some symptoms of Riboflavin
1. Cracks ad inflammation at the corners of he mouth and lips 2. Cataracts 3. Glossitis (Inflamed tongue) 4. growth failure 5. Scaliness around the nose and ears
77
What is niacin?
Vitamin B3
78
What is the recommended amount fo niacin (vitamin b3)
men: 17mg per day women: 13mg per day
79
Give some dietary sources of niacin
1. Whole grains 2. Milk 3. Meat 4. Fish 5. Amino acid tryptophan
80
What are the active forms of niacin
NAD | NADP
81
What are the functions of niacin?
Active form is NAD and NADP which are co enzymes in any reactions
82
What can niacin deficiency lead to?
Pellagra which if untreated results In death
83
What is Pellagra characterised by?
Characterised by: 1 . a red rash on skin exposed to sun 2. Depresive psychosis
84
What effect does niacin deficiency have on the oral environment?
inflamed and sore tongue, loss of taste
85
Give some dietary sources of pantothenic acid
Most food but especially: 1. Eggs 2. Liver 3. Yeast
86
What is the function of pantothenic acid
pantothenic acid is part of coenzyme A | Coenzyme A is centra to metabolism and is found in may molecules
87
What are some of the symptoms of pantothenic acid deficiency
Fatigue due to lack of metabolism
88
Give some dietary sources of biotin
1. Egg yolk 2. Yeasts 3. Nuts
89
Where is biotin synthesised?
Synthesised by intestinal bacteria
90
What is the function of biotin?
It is a coenzyme in carboxylation reactions | Carries activated carbon dioxide
91
What can happen if you eat too many raw eggs?
Can get biotin deficiency as egg whites contains a protein called avidin which bonds to biotin and prevents its uptake
92
Give another name for vitamin B1?
Thiamin
93
Give another name for vitamin B6?
Pyridoxine
94
Give another name for vitamin E?
Tocopherol
95
Give another name for vitamin B2?
Riboflavin
96
Give another name for vitamin B3?
Niacin

2nd yr- IBMS- e lecs (4 decks)

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