Minerals Flashcards by Yasasvin Jaison

Phosphorus RDA and excreted

RDA 500 mg/day

Excreted 500 mg/day

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Phosphorus blood levels

Children 5-6 mg/dl

Adults 4-5 mg/dl

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RDA of Magnesium

300 mg/day for females

400 mg/day for males

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Regulation of Magnesium ( renal )

Serum level

Reabsorption. Increases:
Glucagon,vasopressin,PTH
Excretion increases :
Thyroid hormones,Aldosterone 
Serum level 1.8-2.2 mg/dl

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Magnesium and insulin

Increase in Insulin sensitivity & glucose tolerance

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Hypomagnesia, causes are

Causes: Diabetic keto acidosis
Chronic alcoholism
Chronic glomerulonephritis
Protein calorie malnutrition
Malabsorption

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Hypomagnesia effects

Effects:
Hyperirritability,Tremors, carpopedal spasm
Cardiac arrhythmias
Vomiting

Diagnosis is Mg load test and Mg levels

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Hypermagnesemia, causes are

Excessive intake
Antacids
Renal failure
Hypothyroidism
Lithium

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Sodium RDA and levels

5-10 gm/day

Plasma 136-145 mEq/L
Urine 40-200 mEq/day

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Hypernatremia

Causes:
Cushing’s syndrome 
Hyper aldosteronism
I V fluids
Pregnancy

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Hyponatremia

Causes :
Renal failure
Vomiting
Burns
Diarrhoea
Renal tubular acidosis

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Potassium levels and increases when

Plasma 3.5-5 mEq/L
   Increases when:
     Hyperosmolarity
     Exercise
     Cell lysis

Urine. 25-100 mEq/L

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Potassium levels decreases when:

RDA

Insulin
Beta - agonists
3-4 gm/day(mostly found in muscles)

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Hyperkalemia types and causes

Addison’s disease
Hypoaldosteronism
Renal failure

Pseudohyperkalemia (leakage of K+):
Hemolysis,polycythaemia,leukocytosis

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Hypokalemia ,causes and effects

Hyperaldosteronism
Cushing’s syndrome 
Vomiting
Diarrhoea 
Diuretics

Features
Muscular weakness
Cardiac arrest

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Hyperkalemia features

Features:
  Bradycardia
  Ventricular arrhythmia/fibrillation 
  Cardiac arrest
  Paralysis

Chlorine level

96-106 mEq/L

Hyperchloremia

Diarrhoea
Cushing’s syndrome
Respiratory acidosis
Renal tubular acidosis

Cystic fibrosis :sweat chloride

Hypochloremia

Renal failure
Excessive vomiting
Addison’s disease

Manganese RDA ,sources,deficiency

5-6 mg/day,
nuts &amp;tea
Total body 15mg/day
Deficiency:
  Impaired growth
  Bone deformities

Functions of manganese

Enzyme cofactor of 
  Superoxide dismutase( mitochondrial)
  Glutamine synthase
  Argininase 
  Phosphoglucomutase
  RNA polymerase 
Glycoprotein / chondroitin sulphate synthesis 
Cholesterol synthesis
Bone development
Vitamin E functioning

Molybdenum sources , RDA,excretion

Cereals
100 microgram/day
Urine

Molybdenum functions and deficiency

Cofactor of oxidases like:
  Xanthine oxidase 
  Aldehyde oxidase 
  Sulfite oxidase
Deficiency :
  Mental retardation and neuropathy

Molybedenosis

Excess intake of Mo
Growth retardation
Anaemia

Zinc

Trace intracellular element In muscle and bone mainly Rich in prostate 2gm in body

RDA of zinc

Children 3.5-5 mg/day Adults10-15 mg/day 50% increase in lactation

Functions of zinc

Enzymes like CA, Carboxypeptidase, superoxide dismutase, Alcohol DH, Retinol dehydrogenase Structural functions like zinc finger motif Health related like antioxidant, immunity,against diarrhoea ,... Part of gustin protein related to taste buds

Mild deficiency of zinc

1. Neurosensory changes 2. Decreased serum testosterone and oligospermia 3. Hyperammonemia 4. Decreased immunity 5. Impaired cognitive functions

Manifestations of moderate zinc deficiency

1. Growth retardation 2. Male hypogonadism 3. Vitamin A deficiency 4. Decreased immunity and neurosensory functions 5. Rough skin, poor appetite ,mental lethargy

Severe zinc deficiency ,causes

1. Congenital 2. Parenteral nutrition 3. Bariatric surgery

RDA of Calcium

Children 1200 mg/day Adults 500 mg/day Pregnancy & lactation 1500 mg/day More than 50 : 1500 mg/day