Minerals and supplements

Question 1

minerals

Answer 1

inorganic elements needed for metabolic processes

Question 2

what percent of an animal’s total body weight comprises of mineral matter?

Answer 2

~4%

Question 3

a general classification scheme divides minerals into what two groups?

Answer 3

macrominerals and microminerals

Question 4

what is a macromineral?

Answer 4

a type of mineral that makes up most of the body’s mineral content and are found in large amounts in the body

Question 5

what is a micromineral?

Answer 5

a type of mineral that is found in small amounts in the body and are required in the diet

Question 6

what are some examples of functions of minerals in the body?

Answer 6

they activate enzyme reactions, provide skeletal support, play a role in nerve transmissions and muscle contractions, help maintain water and electrolyte balance, and are a component of some transport hormones and proteins

Question 7

what is a nutraceutical and its associated benefits?

Answer 7

it is a dietary supplement that is used for specific therapeutic effects

Question 8

what conditions need to be evaluated prior to prescribing a supplement to a patient?

Answer 8

the reason for using the supplement, the data supporting its use, and its source

Question 9

supplement

Answer 9

a substance that is orally consumed with or without food and has a specific benefit to the animal

Question 10

who regulates drugs?

Answer 10

FDA

Question 11

who helps regulate supplements?

Answer 11

NASC

Question 12

what is the difference between a drug and a supplement?

Answer 12

a drug is used to diagnose or treat a disease but a supplement is used to provide a nutrient that isn’t included in the pet’s current diet

Question 13

calcium

Answer 13

metabolism and homeostatic mechanism that control levels in body are closely interrelated with phosphorus
99% in bone, 1% in fluids

Question 14

phosphorus

Answer 14

component of bone
85% in bones and teeth while remaining is in soft tissue

Question 15

calcium functions

Answer 15

provides structural integrity to skeleton and contributes to maintenance of blood calcium levels through ongoing resorption and deposition
circulating calcium has roles in nerve impulse transmission, muscle contraction, blood coagulation, activation of enzymes, maintenance of cell membrane permeability and transport, and cardiac function

Question 16

calcium phosphorus compound in bone

Answer 16

hydroxyapatite

Question 17

phosphorus functions

Answer 17

in bone: lends structural support, released into bloodstream in response to homeostatic mechanisms
in soft tissue: involved in almost all of body’s metabolic processes

Question 18

magnesium

Answer 18

60-70% exists as the form of phosphorus and carbonates in bone, remaining is in cells
excess magnesium in cats has been implicated as a risk factor for struvite urolithiasis

Question 19

magnesium functions

Answer 19

cation in intracellular fluid
essential for cellular metabolism of carbs and protein
needed for protein synthesis, plays a role in muscle contractions and proper nerve transmission

Question 20

sulfur

Answer 20

largest proportion of sulfur found within proteins as a component of the sulfur-containing amino acids cysteine and methionine

Question 21

sulfur functions

Answer 21

helps transport amino acids across cell membranes

Question 22

iron

Answer 22

largest proportion found as a component of the protein molecules hemoglobin (<65%) and myoglobin (~4%)

Question 23

iron absorption

Answer 23

increased efficiency of iron absorption: low stores of iron in the body and increased metabolic need
factors that inhibit iron absorption: presence of phytate, phosphates, and oxalates

Question 24

copper

Answer 24

necessary for normal absorption and transport of dietary iron and essential for the formation of hemoglobin and for normal osteoblast activity during skeletal development
highest concentration found in liver

Question 25

zinc

Answer 25

widely distributed in body tissues actions influence carbs, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acid metabolism also a cofactor in synthesis of DNA, RNA, and protein essential for normal cellular immunity and reproductive functioning

Question 26

zinc deficiences

Answer 26

usually associated with growth deficiencies in young animals first clinical signs are usually skin and hair coat changes

Question 27

manganese

Answer 27

is a component of several cell enzymes that catalyze metabolic reactions large proportion located in mitochondria necessary for bone development and reproduction

Question 28

iodine

Answer 28

required for synthesis of hormones thyroxine and triiodothyronine thyroxine stimulates cellular oxidative processes and regulates basal metabolic rate

Question 29

selenium

Answer 29

protects cell membranes from oxidative damage can be toxic if excess amounts ingested

Question 30

cobalt

Answer 30

a constituent of vitamin B-12 no function identified

Question 31

chromium

Answer 31

a component of the organic complex known as glucose tolerance factor which enhances the action of insulin has positive effects of supplemental chromium on glucose metabolism, insulin sensitivity, and immune responsiveness

Question 32

potassium

Answer 32

electrolyte main cation in intracellular space required for numerous enzymatic reactions, transmission of nerve impulses, and contraction of muscle fibers

Question 33

sodium

Answer 33

electrolyte major cation found in extracellular fluid helps maintain normal irritability of nerve cells and contractility of muscle fibers

Question 34

food

Answer 34

articles used for food or drink for man or animals

Question 35

drug

Answer 35

an article intended for the use in diagnosis, cure, treatment, or prevention of disease in animals and articles intended to affect the structure or any function in the body

Question 36

nutraceutical

Answer 36

portmanteau of nutrition and pharmaceutical applied to dietary supplements intended for specified therapeutic effects

Question 37

AAFCO

Answer 37

association of american feed control officials independent organization that has been guiding state, federal, and international feed regulators with ingredient definitions, label standards and lab standards, while supporting health and safety of people and animals

Question 38

CVS

Answer 38

center for veterinary medicine part of the FDA responsible for interstate regulation of animal food and drugs

Question 39

NASC

Answer 39

national animal supplement council a trade organization comprising manufactures of dietary supplements for companion animals and associated industries

Question 40

FFDCA

Answer 40

federal food, drug, and cosmetic act a law brought cosmetics and medical devices under control, and it required drugs be labeled with adequate directions for safe use

Question 41

DSHEA

Answer 41

dietary supplement health and education act enacted in 1994 goals: ensure continued consumer access to a wide variety of dietary supplements and to provide consumers with more information about the intended use of dietary supplements