Minerals (lecture)

Question 1

Functions of Calcium (Ca)

Answer 1

Bone and teeth formation
Blood clotting
Muscle contraction
12% in whole milk

Question 2

Deficiency of Calcium symptoms and problems

Answer 2

Rickets
Slow growth and poor bone development
Easily fractured bones
Reduced milk yield

Question 3

Feed sources of calcium

Answer 3

Alfalfa and legumes
Ground limestone
Dicalcium phosphate
Steamed bone meal

Question 4

Functions of Phosphorus (P)

Answer 4

Bone and teeth formation
Involved in energy metabolism
Part of DNA and RNA
.09% in milk

Question 5

Deficiency of phosphorus: symptoms and problems

Answer 5

Fragile bones
Poor growth
Low blood phosphorus
Depraved appetite
Poor reproductive performance

Question 6

Feed sources of Phosphorus

Answer 6

Phosphates
Steamed bone meal
Cereal grains
Grain-by products
Oil seed meal

Question 7

Sodium (Na) functions

Answer 7

Acid-base balance
Muscle contraction
Nerve transmission

Question 8

Deficiency of Sodium: Symptoms and problems

Answer 8

Craving for salt
Reduced appetite
Incoordination weakness
Shivering

Question 9

Feed sources of Sodium

Answer 9

Common salt and butter products

Question 10

Functions of Magnesium (Mg)

Answer 10

Enzyme activator
Found in skeletal tissue and bone

Question 11

Deficiency of Magnesium: Symptoms and problems

Answer 11

Irritability
Tetany-increased excitability

Question 12

Feed sources of Magnesium

Answer 12

Magnesium oxide
Forages
Mineral supplements

Question 13

Functions of Sulfur (S)

Answer 13

Rumen microbial protein synthesis
Found in cartilage, tendons and acids

Question 14

Deficiency of Sulfur: symptoms and problems

Answer 14

Slow growth
Reduced milk production
Reduced feed efficiency

Question 15

Feed sources of Sulfur

Answer 15

Elemental sulfur
Sodium and potassium sulfates
Legume forages

Question 16

Functions of Potassium (K)

Answer 16

Maintenance of electrolyte balance
Enzyme activator
Muscle/Nerve function

Question 17

Deficiency of potassium: Symptoms / problems

Answer 17

Decrease in feed intake
Loss of hair
Glossiness
Lower blood potassium

Question 18

Feed sources of Potassium

Answer 18

Legumes,
Potassium chloride
Potassium sulfate

Question 19

Functions of Iodine (I)

Answer 19

Synthesis of thyroxine

Question 20

Deficiency of Iodine: symptoms / problems

Answer 20

Big neck in calves
Goitrogenic (enlargement of thyroid gland)

Question 21

Feed sources of iodine

Answer 21

Iodized salt
Trace mineralised salt
Commercial supplements

Question 22

Functions of Iron (Fe)

Answer 22

Part of hemoglobin
Part of many enzyme systems

Question 23

Deficiency of Iron: Symptoms and problems

Answer 23

Nutritional anemia
Pale mucous membrane

Question 24

Feed sources of Iron

Answer 24

Forages
Grains
Trace mineralised salt
Ethylene diamine dihydroiodine

Question 25

Functions of Copper (Cu)

Answer 25

Needed for manufacture of hemoglobin Coenzyme

Question 26

Deficiency of Copper: symptoms / problems

Answer 26

Severe diarrhea Abnormal appetite Poor growth Coarse, bleached hair

Question 27

Feed sources of copper

Answer 27

Trace mineralised salt Commercial supplements

Question 28

Functions of Cobalt (Co)

Answer 28

Part of vitamin B12 Needed for growth of rumen microorganisms

Question 29

Deficiency of Cobalt: symptoms / problems

Answer 29

Failure of appetite Anemia Decreased milk production Rough hair

Question 30

Feed sources of Cobalt

Answer 30

Trace mineralised salt Commercial supplements

Question 31

Functions of Manganese (Mn)

Answer 31

Growth Bone formation Enzyme activator

Question 32

Deficiency of Manganese: symptoms / problems

Answer 32

Delayed or decreased signs of estrus Poor conception

Question 33

Feed sources of manganese

Answer 33

Trace mineralised salt Commercial supplements

Question 34

Functions of Zinc (Zn)

Answer 34

Enzyme activator Wound healing

Question 35

Deficiency of zinc: symptoms / problems

Answer 35

Decreased weight gain Lowered feed efficiency Skin/wound problems

Question 36

Feed sources of zinc

Answer 36

Forages Trace mineralised salt Zinc methionine

Question 37

Functions of Fluorine (F)

Answer 37

Not known if essential for ruminants Stimulation of new bone formation

Question 38

Deficiency of Fluorine: symptoms / problems

Answer 38

Severe reduction in feed intake Stiffness in legs Enlarged bones

Question 39

Feed sources of Fluorine

Answer 39

Rock phosphate mineral

Question 40

Function of Selenium (se)

Answer 40

Functions with certain enzymes Associated with vitamin E Immune system

Question 41

Deficiency of Selenium: Symptoms / problems

Answer 41

White muscle disease Retained placenta Lessens subclinical mastitis

Question 42

Feed sources of Selenium

Answer 42

Oil meals Alfalfa Wheat Oats Corn Commercial supplements

Question 43

Functions of Molybdenum (mo)

Answer 43

Part of enzyme xanthine oxidase

Question 44

Deficiency of Molybdenum: symptoms / problems

Answer 44

Loss of weight Emaciation Diarrhea

Question 45

Feed sources of Molybdenum

Answer 45

Widely distributed in feeds Deficiency is rarely a problem