Minimum Questions 2 Flashcards
(139 cards)
1
Q
What are the fungal cell components? (2)
A
- Cytoplasmic membrane with ergosterin
- Cell wall built up by chitin, glucan or cellulose
2
Q
Classification of the fungi by morphology?
A
- Unicellular / yeast
- Multicellular / mould
- Dimorphic
3
Q
Characterization of the dimorphic fungus
A
They grow like moulds at room temperature and grow like yeast at body temperature
4
Q
List at least 2 asexual spore type (3)
A
- Blastospore
- Arthrospore
- Spherule
5
Q
What is the cultivation temperature of the fungi?
A
25C and 37C to detect the dimorphism
6
Q
What kind of culture media can be used to cultivate fungi?
A
Sabouraud culture media
7
Q
What are the content of Sabouraud culture media? (2 examples)
A
- Antifungal agents against environmental moulds
- Carbohydrates
- Antibiotics
8
Q
What kind of diseases can be caused by fungi? (3)
A
- Allergic reactions
- Intoxications
- Mycosis (tissue damage of fungi)
9
Q
Classification of mycosis (5)
A
- Superficial
- Cutaneous
- Subcutaneous
- Systemic
- Opportunistic
10
Q
What kind of staining can be used in mycology (2 examples)
A
- Gram
- Methylene blue
- India ink
- PAS
- methanamine silver
11
Q
What is the mode of action of the antifungal drugs (4)
A
- Inhibition of the ergosterin synthesis
- Pore formation on membrane (polyenes)
- Inhibition of nucleic acid synthesis
- Inhibition of cell division
12
Q
List 3 causative agents of sytemic mycosis
A
- Coccidoides immitis
- Histoplasma capsulatum
- Blastomyces dermatitidis
13
Q
List 2 candida species
A
- Candida albicans
2. Candida tropicalis
14
Q
List 3 causative agents of opportunistic mycosis
A
- Candida species
- Cryptococcus neoformans
- Aspergillus species
15
Q
Which fungus can cause subcutaneous mycosis?
A
Sporothrix shenkii
16
Q
What is the most common causative agent of superficial mycosis?
A
Malassezia furfur
17
Q
List 2 causative agents of dermatomycosis
A
- Trichopyton species
- Microsporum species
18
Q
What kind of diseases can be caused by dermatophytes? (3 examples)
A
- Tinea pedis
- T. Manus
- T. Capitis
19
Q
List 2 trichophyton species
A
- Trichophyton rubrum
2. Trichophyton verrucosum
20
Q
What are the source of the infection caused by dermatophytes?
A
- Anthropophilic - human
- Geophilic - soil
- Zoophilic - animal
21
Q
What are the development stages of the protozoa? (2)
A
Trophozoit and cyst
22
Q
What are the properties of the trophozoit? (4)
A
- Can move
- Can feed
- Can multiply
- Can die
23
Q
What are the properties of the cyst? (3)
A
- is responsible for surviving in an unfavourable environment
- not showing biochemical activity
- is a dormant structure
24
Q
How can the protozoa be classified?
A
By the type of movement : amoeba, ciliate, flagellate and sporozoa
25
List 2 amoebas
1. Entamoeba species
| 2. Acantamoeba species
26
What is the causative agent of amoebic dysentery?
Entamoeba histolytica
27
What can entamoeba histolytica cause? (2)
- amoebic dysentery
| - liver, lung and brain abscess
28
What is the causative agent of amoebic keratitis?
Acanthamoeba castellani
29
What is the causative agent of primary amoebic meningoencephalitis?
Naegleria fowleri
30
Which protozoa can cause steatorrhea?
Giardia lamblia
31
What is the treatment of giardiasis?
Metronidazole
32
Which protozoon can cause prostatitis?
Trichomonas vaginalis
33
Which protozon can spread by sexual contact?
Trichomonas vaginalis
34
Which protozoa can spread by the bite of the sandfly?
Leishmania species
35
What kind of disease can be caused by Leishmania species? (3)
Cutan, mucocutan and visceral leishmaniosis
36
How can leishmaniosis be diagnosed?
Giemsa staining of biopsied material
37
Treatment of leishmaniosis? (2)
- Stibogluconate in combination with g-IFN
| - Amphotericin B
38
What are the causative agents of human african trypanosomiasis (sleeping sickness)? (2)
- Trypanosoma brucei gambiense
| - Trypanosoma brucei rhodensiense
39
How can the sleeping sickness spread?
By the bite of the tsetse fly
40
What are the symptoms of sleeping sickness? (5)
- lethargy
- meningoencephalitis
- dementia
- somnolence
- coma
41
What is the treatment of sleeping sickness? (2)
- Suramin
| - Melarsoprol
42
What is the causative agent of Chagas diseases?
Trypansoma cruzi
43
How can Chagas disease spread?
By the faeces of the kissing bug during the bite
44
What is the treatment of Chagas disease? (2)
- Nifurtimox
| - Chronic stage is untreatable
45
What kind of diseases can be caused by Cryptosporidium parvum?
Watery diarrhea which lasts 1-2 weeks
46
What is the treatment of cryptosporidiosis?
Oral rehydration
47
What is the final host of toxoplasma gondii?
Cats
48
In which population can toxoplasma cause seriou diseases? (2)
- Pregnant women
| - Immunocompromised population
49
What is the treatment of toxoplasmosis? (2)
- Spiramycin
| - Pyrimethamine combined with sulphonamide
50
How can malaria spread?
- by the bite of anopheles mosquito
- transplacental
- by transfusion
51
What are the symptoms of malaria? (5 symptoms)
- Periodic high fever
- Chills
- Anemia
- Hepato and spenomegaly
- Kidney failure
52
How can malaria be diagnosed? (4)
- Blood : thick droplet
- Blood : thin film with giemsa staining
- IF
- PCR
53
WHat is the treatment of malaria? (4)
- Chloroquine
- Mefloquine
- Artemisin
- Hypnozoites by primaquine
54
Prevention of malaria by chemoprophylaxis? (3)
- chloroquine
- mefloquine
- doxycycline
55
Prevention of malaria by vaccine?
Available vaccine since 2018 against Plasmodium falciparum. The content is a fusion protein
56
How can Balantidium coli spread? (2)
- By fruits and vegetables contaminated by pig manure
| - By fecal oral route
57
What are the symptoms of balantidiasis? (2)
- Dysentery with abdominal pain
| - Tenesmus
58
Treatment of balantidiasis? (2)
- Metronidazole
| - Tetracycline
59
Classification of the helminths by morphology?
- Flatworms : flukes
- Tapeworms
- Roundworms
60
What are the most characteristic poperties of the flukes? (3 examples)
- Short
- Hermaphrodites
- Leaf shaped
61
What is the most common intermediate host of the flukes?
Water snail
62
What is the causative agent of fascioliasis?
Fasciola hepatica
63
What is the treatment of fascioliasis? (2)
Bithionol or triclabendazole
64
What is the causative agent of the lung fluke disease?
Paragonimus westermani
65
What are the symptoms of paragonimiasis? (6)
- Night sweats
- Fever
- Bloody sputum
- Chest pain
- Pleuritis
- Bronchopneumonia
66
What is the treatment of paragonimiasis? (2)
Praziquantel or bithionol
67
What are the blood flukes? (3)
1. Schistosoma mansoni
2. Schistosoma japonicum
3. Schistosoma haematobium
68
Which flukes can live in the bladder venules?
Schistosoma haematobium
69
Which flukes can live in the intestinal venules? (2)
- Schistosoma mansoni
| - Schistosoma japonicum
70
What is the treatment of schtosomiasis?
Praziquantel
71
What is the intermediate host of Taenia saginata?
Cattle
72
What is the intermediate host of taenia solium?
Pig
73
What kind of human diseases can be caused by tenia solium? (2 examples)
- Tape worm infection
| - Cysticercus cellulosae
74
What is the treatment of taeniasis? (2)
- Niclosamide
| - Mebendazole
75
What is the causative agent of fish tapeworm disease?
Diphyllobothrium latum
76
What is the treatment of diphyllobothriasis?
Niclosamide
77
Which vitamin deficiency can be caused by Diphyllobothrium latum?
The lack of B12 vitamin
78
How can Hymenolepis nana infection treated?
Niclosamide
79
Which helminths can develop hydatid cysts? (2)
- Echinococcus granulosus
| - Echinococcus multilocularis
80
How can the hydatid cysts treated? (2)
By albendazole or surgical removing
81
Which helminth can cause itchiness in anus?
Enterobius vermicularis
82
How can be treated the infection caused by Enterobius vermicularis?
Mebendazole
83
How can we diagnose the infection caused by Enterobius vermicularis?
By sticky tape / scotch tape
84
Which helminth can cause diarrhoea by prolapses of rectum?
Trichuris trichiura
85
Which helminth can cause protein deficiency (Kwashiorkor syndrome)?
Ascaris lumbricoides
86
Which helminths can suck blood? (2)
- Ancylostoma duodenale
| - Necator americanus
87
What is the treatment of the infection caused by Ancylostoma and Necator? (2)
- Mebendazole
| - Albendazole
88
Which helminth can cause paralytic ileus?
Strongyloides stercoralis
89
What kind of disease can be caused by Toxocara canis? (2)
- Visceral larva migrans
| - Ocular larva migrans syndrome
90
What kind of specimen can be used to diagnose the Toxocara infection?
Blood for serology
91
What kind of helminthic infection can spread from carnivore animals to humans?
Trichinella spiralis
92
What is the diagnosis of trichinellosis?
Sreology from blood
93
What is the treatment of the trichinella infection? (2)
- Mebendazole
- Albendazole
(Can act only on intestinal helminths)
94
What is the causative agent of lymphatic filariasis, elephantiasis?
Wuchereria bancrofti
95
How can elephantiasis spread?
By mosquito bite
96
What is the treatment of filariasis?
Diethylcarbamazin
97
Which helminth can appear in the subconjunctival region?
Loa-loa
98
Which helminth can cause river blindness and elephant skin?
Onchocerca volvulus
99
What kind of disease can be caused by adenoviruses? (3 examples)
- pharyngitis
- pneumonia
- pertussis syndrome
100
How can parvoviruses spread?
by respiratory droplets
101
What kind of disease can be caused by parvoviruses? (3 examples)
- erythema infectiosum
- hydrops fetalis
- aplastic anaemia
102
What kind of diseases can be caused by high-risk group papillomaviruses? (2)
1. cervix cancer
| 2. tumor in oral cavity
103
What kind of diseases can be caused by low-risk group papillomaviruses? (2)
1. condyloma acuminatum
| 2. warts
104
What can JC and BK viruses cause? (3)
JC : progressive multifocal leucopathia (PML)
| BK : haemorrhagic cystitis and nephropathy
105
What can HHV1 (herpes simplex virus 1) cause? (5)
- Herpes labialis
- Herpes simplex dermatitis
- Eczema herpeticum
- Herpes gladiatorum
- Herpetic whitlow
106
What can HHV2 (herpes simplex virus 2) cause? (3)
- Herpes genitalis
- Neonatal herpes
- Encephalitis
107
How can HHV1 and HHV2 infections be treated?
by acyclovir
108
What can VZV (varicella zoster virus) cause? (2)
- Chickenpox
| - Shingles
109
How can chickenpox be prevented?
By vaccine (live attenuated)
110
What can EBV (epstein-barr virus) cause? (4)
- Mononucleosis infectiosa
- Burkitt lymphoma
- Nasopharyngeal carcinoma
- Oral hairy leucoplakia
111
What can CMV (cytomegalovirus) cause? (10)
- Hepatitis
- Pancreatitis
- Penumonitis
- Nephritis
- Myocarditis
- Encephalitis
- Chorioretinitis
- Oesophagitis
- Colitis
- Congenital infections
112
What can HHV-6 cause? (5)
- Encephalitis
- Pneumonitis
- Chorioretinitis
- Exanthema subitum
- Roseola infantum
113
What can HHV-7 cause? (7)
- Encephalitis
- Flaccid paralysis
- Hepatitis
- Gastritis
- Lymphadenopathy
- Diarrhea
- Pityriasis rosea
114
What can HHV-8 cause? (2)
- kaposi sarcoma
| - lymphoma
115
How can hepatitis B virus spread? (3)
- parenteral way
- sexual contact
- perinatal
116
How can hepatitis B virus infection be treated? (2)
- by interferon
| - by nucleotide analogues
117
How can Molluscum contagiosum virus spread and what can it cause?
spreads by direct contact and causes benign tumor of the skin
118
What can poliovirus cause? (3)
- Aseptic meningitis
- Poliomyelitis
- Post-polio syndrome
119
What can Coxsackie A and B viruses cause?
A : herpangina, hand-foot-mouth disease, acute haemorrhagic conjunctivitis
B : pleurodynia / bronholm disease, myocarditis, pancreatitis
120
What can rhinoviruses cause? (3)
- sore throat
- running nose
- coughing
121
how can hepatitis A virus spread? (3)
- fecal oral route
- contaminated food
- aerosol
122
How can Caliciviruses spread and what can they cause?
- By fecal oral route, contaminated water and aerosol
| - Can cause diarrhea and vomiting
123
How can Rotaviruses spread and what can they cause?
- By fecal oral route
| - Can cause diarrhea and vomiting
124
How can the Hepatitis E virus spread and what can it cause?
- by contaminated water, by raw pig and boar meat, rarely by blood transfusion, and transplacental
- can cause acute hepatitis
125
How can the causative agent of yellow fever spread?
By mosquito bite from human to human or from monkey to human
126
How can the Hepatitis C virus spread? (3)
- Parenteral way
- Blood
- Tattooing
127
Which population is at risk during the rubella virus infection?
pregnant women because it can cause in utero infections (congenital rubella syndrome)
128
How can the influenza viruses spread and what can they cause? (3 examples)
- respiratory droplets
| - symptoms : high fever, fatigue, muscle pain
129
How can morbillivirus spread and what can they cause?
- by respiratory droplets
| - can cause measles with exanthemas and koplic spots
130
What kind of complication may develop during measles?
- pneumonia
- encephalitis
- SSPE (subacute sclerotizing panencephalitis)
131
How can mumps virus spread and what are the symptoms?
- by respiratory droplets
| - symptoms : inflammation of the salivary glands, pancreatitis, orchitis, deafness
132
What is the causative agent of rabies?
lyssa virus
133
How can rabies be prevented?
by a vaccine administered post exposure
134
What is the treatment for an HIV infection?
A combination of nucleotide analogues and protease inhibitors
135
How can HTLV-1 spread? (4)
- by sexual contact
- by blood
- transplacental
- breast feeding
136
How can the Dengue-fever virus spread?
By a mosquito bite
137
List 2 members of the faliviruses
- yellow-fever virus
| - dengue-fever virus
138
What does arbovirus mean?
athropod-born viruses
139
List 2 diseases caused by prions
- kuru
| - fatal familiar insomnia
