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Misc Flashcards

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1
Q

A bundle of hundreds to thousands of axons plus associated connective tissue and blood vessels that lies outside the brain and spinal cord

A

Nerve

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2
Q

Small masses of nervous tissue, consisting primarily of neuron bodies, located outside the brain and spinal cord

A

Ganglia

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3
Q

Extensive networks of neurons located in the walls of organs of the GI tract

A

Enteric plexuses

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4
Q

What neurons control voluntary skeletal muscles?

A

Somatic motor neurons

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5
Q

What neurons control smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands?

A

Autonomic motor neurons

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6
Q

What neurons control smooth muscle, glands, and endocrine cells of the GI tract?

A

Enteric motor neurons

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7
Q

How many neurons are found in the enteric plexus?

A

100 million

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8
Q

The nervous system processes sensory information by analyzing and storing some of it and by making decisions for appropriate responses

A

Integrative function

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9
Q

Any change in the environment that is strong enough to initiate an action potential

A

Stimulus

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10
Q

Impulse, an electrical signal that propagates (travels) along the surface of the membrane of a neuron or muscle fiber

A

Action potential

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11
Q

Three parts of a neuron

A

1) a cell body
2) dendrites
3) an axon

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12
Q

Receiving/input part of a neuron

A

Dendrites

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13
Q

Conducts nerve impulses toward another neuron, a muscle, or a gland

A

Axon

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14
Q

The site where two neurons or a neuron and an effector cell can communicate

A

Synapse

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15
Q

Neurotransmitters are stored where in the neuron?

A

The synaptic end bulb (synaptic vesicles)

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16
Q

Usually have several dendrites and one axon.

Most neurons in the brain and spinal cord are this type.

A

Multipolar neuron

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17
Q

Have one main dendrite and one axon.

These are found in the retina of the eye, the inner ear, and in the olfactory area of the brain.

A

Bipolar

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18
Q

Have dendrites and one axon that are fused together to form a continuous process that emerges from the cell body.

These are sensory receptors for touch, pressure, pain, or thermal stimuli.

A

Unipolar neurons

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19
Q

Neurons that are located within the CNS between sensory and motor neurons.

They integrate incoming sensory information from sensory neurons and then elicit a motor response by activating appropriate motor neurons.

A

Interneurons

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20
Q

Interneurons and motor neurons are mostly what neuron type?

A

Multipolar

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21
Q

“Glue” that holds nervous tissue together

A

Neuroglia

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22
Q

Brain tumors derived from glia, tend to be highly malignant and grow rapidly

A

Gliomas

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23
Q

Astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, microglial cells, ependymal, Schwann and satellite are what?

A

Neuroglia

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24
Q

Myelin sheaths are composed of what?

A

Lipid and protein

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25
Support neurons in PNS ganglia and regulate exchange of materials between neurons and interstitial fluid
Satellite cells
26
How many layers of myelin are wrapped around axons?
As many as 100 layers
27
Neuronal cell bodies grouped together are typically called?
Clusters
28
Axons of neurons grouped together are typically called?
Bundles
29
Cluster of neuronal cell bodies located in the PNS
Ganglion
30
Cluster of neuronal cell bodies located in the CNS
Nucleus
31
Bundle of axons in the PNS
Nerve
32
Bundle of axons in the CNS
Tract
33
A difference in the amount of electrical charge on the inside of the plasma membrane as compared to the outside
Membrane potential
34
How long does the depolarizing and repolarizing phases last?
One millisecond (1/1000 sec)
35
Action potential arises according to what principle?
All or nothing
36
A brief time after an action potential begins, a neuron cannot generate another action potential
Refractory period
37
Currents that flow across the membrane at the nodes, "leaps" from node to node.
Saltatory conduction
38
Electrical synapses, nerve impulses conduct directly between the plasma membranes of adjacent neurons through gap junctions are found where?
Visceral smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and the brain
39
A typical neuron in the CNS receives input from how many synapses?
1,000 to 10,000
40
Neurotransmitters consisting of amino acids linked by peptide bonds
Nearuopeptides
41
Demyelinating disorder, microphages remove myelin from PNS axons. It is a common cause of sudden paralysis and may result from the immune system's response to a bacterial infection. Most patients recover. 15% remain paralyzed.
Guillain-Barre Syndrome (GBS)
42
What vertebra does the spinal cord end?
L2
43
The tube of spinal dura mater ends at what vertebra?
S2
44
Space between the dura mater and vertebral column that contains fat and protective tissue
Epidural space
45
What is the length of the spinal cord?
16 to 18 inches
46
Spinal grey horns only present in the thoracic and upper lumbar, contain cell bodies of the autonomic motor neurons that regulate the activity of cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, and glands
Lateral gray horns
47
Groups of axons wrapped with endoneurium are arranged in bundles called:
Fascicles
48
Fascicles are wrapped in what layer?
Perineurium
49
Plexus that supplies the skin and muscles of the posterior head, neck, upper part of the shoulders, and diaphragm
Cervical plexus
50
What nerve stimulates the diaphragm to contract?
Phrenic nerve (from the cervical plexus)
51
Plexus that supplies the upper limbs, several neck and shoulder muscles. Contains musculocutaneous, axillary, median, radial, and ulnar nerves.
Brachial plexus
52
Plexus that supplies the abdominal wall, external genitals, part of the lower limbs. Arising from this plexus are the ilioinguinal, femoral, and obturator nerves.
Lumbar plexus
53
Plexus that supplies the buttocks, perineum, and lower limbs. Arising from this plexus are the gluteal, sciatic, and pudendal nerves.
Sacral plexus
54
What spinal nerves do not form a plexus and are called "intercostal nerves"?
T2-T11
55
Pathway followed by nerve impulses that produce a reflex
Reflex arc
56
What does the diencephalon consist of?
1) Thalamus 2) Hypothalamus 3) Pineal Gland
57
CSF primarily drains into what vein?
Superior sagittal sinus
58
What is the volume of CSF in the body?
80 to 150 mL (3 to 5 oz)
59
Where does the gray and white matter intermingle in the brain stem?
Reticular formation
60
Masses of gray matter where neurons form synapses with one another
Nuclei
61
Nuclei associated with cranial nerves V, VI, VII, and VIII are located in the:
Pons
62
Nuclei associated with cranial nerves III and IV are located where?
Midbrain
63
Stimulation of the reticular activating system (RAS) produces what?
Consciousness
64
Deactivation of the reticular activating system (RAS) produces what?
Sleep
65
The major relay station for most sensory impulses that reach the cerebral cortex from the spinal cord and brain stem
Thalamus
66
Part of the brain that controls many functions related to homeostasis. Control of the ANS, Pituitary gland, regulation of emotions & behavior, eating & drinking, body temperature, Circadian rhythms
Hypothalamus
67
Secretes melatonin
Pineal gland
68
Part of the brain that regulates posture, balance, skilled motor activities, and helps with equilibrium.
Cerebellum
69
Folds in the cerebrum
Gyri
70
Deep grooves of the cerebrum
Fissues
71
Shallow grooves of the cerebrum
Sulci
72
What connects the cerebrum's hemispheres, is a broad band of white matter containing axons that extend between the hemispheres?
Corpus callosum
73
Primary motor area of the cerebral cortex
Precentral gyrus
74
Primary somatosensory area of the cerebral cortex
Postcentral gyrus
75
Nuclei that helps initiate and terminate movements. Help with movements such as automatic arm swings while walking.
Basal Nuclei
76
"Emotional brain", Primary role in range of emotions. Controls most of its involuntary aspects related to survival.
Limbic System
77
Parts of the brain that help with memory
Limbic system Cerebrum
78
Primary gustatory area, located at the base of the postcentral gyrus, is responsible for what?
Taste
79
Broad region in the left temporal and parietal loves, interprets the meaning of speech by recognizing spoken words
Wernicke's area
80
Somatic sensory pathway responsible for touch, pressure, vibration, and conscious proprioception
Posterior Column-Medial Lemniscus
81
Anosmia (loss of smell) can be caused by trauma to what?
Olfactory tract lesion or trauma to the cribriform plate
82
First CN to lose function with increased ICP
6
83
Who may have a diminished corneal reflex?
Patient who wears contact lenses
84
Upper Neuron Disease, such as stroke or brain attack, patients are still able to what?
Show emotional movement
85
Most patients who have a loss of taste actually have a dysfunction with what sensation?
Olfactory
86
Another name for Heel-to-Toe walking
Tandem Gait
87
When would you test for temperature and deep pressure?
Only done if superficial pain is not intact
88
Inability to recognize objects by touch, suggests a parietal lobe lesion
Tactile agnosia
89
Dorsiflexion of the great toe, with or without fanning of the other toes. Indicates a pyramidal tract or upper motor neuron disorder.
Babinski sign
90
Absent reflexes indicate what?
Lower motor neuron disorder
91
Hyperactive reflexes indicate what?
Upper motor neuron disorder
92
Sustained clonus is associated with what?
Upper motor neuron disorder
93
What size monofilament is used in the protective sensation?
5.07

Neuro (7 decks)

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