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Chapter 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

Spinal cord is located within the

A

Vertebral canal

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2
Q

CSF is located where?

A

Subarachnoid space of the brain and spinal cord

Central canal (Spine)

Cavities in the brain (Ventricles)

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3
Q

Three layers of meninges

A
  1. Dura
  2. Arachnoid
  3. Pia mater
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4
Q

Outer most layer; tough dense connective tissue

A

Dura mater

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5
Q

Middle layer, resembles spider web

A

Arachnoid mater

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6
Q

Inner layer; thin and delicate, adheres to surface of spinal cord and brain, contains blood vessels

A

Pia mater

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7
Q

What spinal cord space has fat which helps protect/cushion, between the vertebrae and dura mater

A

Epidural space

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8
Q

Spinal cord extends from the medulla oblongata to:

A

The second lumbar vertebrae

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9
Q

Two grooves that divide the spinal cord into two hemispheres

A
  1. Anterior median fissure

2. Posterior median sulcus

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10
Q

Two bundles of axons that connect each spinal nerve to a segment of the cord

A

Root

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11
Q

Root contains sensory axons which conduct nerve impulses from sensory receptors (AFFERENT)

A

Posterior (dorsal) root

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12
Q

Root contains axons of motor neurons (autonomic and somatic) which conduct nerve impulses from the CNS to the effectors (EFFERENT)

A

Anterior (ventral) root

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13
Q

Matter that has tracts that serve as highways for nerve impulses

A

White matter

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14
Q

Matter of the spinal cord receives and integrates incoming and outgoing information and is a site for integration of reflexes

A

Gray matter

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15
Q

Contains neuronal cell bodies, dendrites, unmyelinated axons, axon terminals, and neuroglia

A

Gray Matter

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16
Q

Horn contains cell bodies and axons of interneurons as well as axons of incoming sensory neurons

A

Posterior (dorsal) horn

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17
Q

Horns contain cell bodies of somatic motor neurons that provide impulses for contraction of muscles

A

Anterior (ventral) horn

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18
Q

Lateral gray horn is only present in what spinal segments?

A

Thoracic and upper lumber

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19
Q

What motor neurons are located on the lateral gray horn and regulates cardiac muscle, smooth muscles, and glands

A

Autonomic

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20
Q

Consists of myelinated axons and is organized into columns

A

White matter

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21
Q

Bundles of axons in the CNS are also called:

A

Tracts

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22
Q

Axons that conduct nerve impulses toward the brain (spinothalamic tract)

A

Sensory tract (ascending)

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23
Q

Axons that conduct nerve impulses away from the brain (corticospinal tract)

A

Motor tract (descending)

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24
Q

Fast, involuntary sequences of actions in response to stimuli

A

Reflexes

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25
Learned sequence, such as driving a car, is what kind of reflex?
Complex
26
Withdrawal reflexes are also called:
Simple reflexes
27
Patellar reflex tests what type of reflex?
Spinal reflex (simple)
28
Gag reflex tests what kind of reflex?
Cranial reflex (simple)
29
Connects the CNS to the sensory receptors and muscles of the body
Spinal nerves
30
How many pairs of spinal nerves are there for each region?
``` 8 - Cervical 12 - Thoracic 5 - Lumbar 5 - Sacral 1 - Coccyx ```
31
Sensory information goes through which root?
Dorsal Root
32
Motor Information goes through which root?
Anterior
33
Axons are wrapped is what layer?
Endoneurium
34
Groups of axons arranged in bundles are called?
Fascicles
35
Fascicles are wrapped in what?
Perineurium
36
What is the superficial covering over the entire nerve?
Epineurium
37
Spinal nerve branches join axons from adjacent nerves to form networks
Plexuses
38
What plexus supplies posterior head, neck, upper part of the shoulder and the diaphragm
Cervical plexus
39
Plexus that supplies the upper limbs, some neck and shoulder muscles
Brachial plexus
40
Plexus that supplies the abdominal wall, external genitals and parts of the lower limbs
Lumbar plexus
41
Plexus that supplies the buttocks, perineum and most of the lower limbs
Sacral plexus
42
What nerve innervates the diaphragm to contract?
Phrenic (C3, C4, C5)
43
What spinal nerves are called intercostal nerves?
T2-T11 Supply muscles of abdomen and between the ribs, skin of chest and back
44
What percentage of oxygen does the brain need?
20%
45
Brain neurons are permanently damaged from lack of oxygen after how many minutes?
4 minutes
46
Circulatory anastomosis that supplies blood to brain and surrounding structures; stems from the two internal carotid arteries
Circle of Willis
47
Protects the brain cells from harmful substances and pathogens
Blood brain barrier
48
Blood brain barrier can be broken down by what?
1. Trauma 2. Certain toxins 3. Inflammation
49
Tightly sealed blood capillaries and astrocytes make up what?
Blood Brain Barrier
50
What can pass the blood brain barrier?
Lipid soluble materials like O2, CO2, alcohol, anesthesia
51
What carries oxygen and glucose from the blood to the brain?
CSF
52
CSF is produced in what plexus?
Choroid plexus located in the brain
53
CSF is reabsorbed into the blood through what?
Arachnoid villi
54
Continuous with spinal cord contains the medulla oblongata, pons, and midbrain
Brain stem
55
Superior to the brain stem; contains thalamus, hypothalamus, and pineal gland
Diencephalon
56
"Little brain", posterior and inferior Functions the balance and equilibrium and coordination
Cerebellum
57
Largest, most superior part of the brain
Cerebrum
58
Inferior part of the brain stem, a continuation of the spine
Medulla Oblongata
59
Part of the brain where gray matter contains nuclei where neurons form synapses with one another. - Cardiovascular center regulates the rate and force of the heart and the diameter of the vessels - Rhythmicity area regulates breathing
Medulla Oblongata
60
Nuclei associated with touch, pressure, vibration and proprioception lie in the posterior part of what part of the brain?
Medulla Oblongata
61
Nuclei associated with cranial nerves VIII-XII are found where?
Medulla Oblongata
62
"Bridge" for the medulla and midbrain to connect
Pons
63
Connects the left and right sides of brain
Pons
64
Contains nuclei that: a) Motor relay from cerebrum to cerebellum b) Helps control breathing c) Contains nuclei associated with cranial nerves V
Pons
65
Connects the pons to the diencephalon Contains nuclei associated with cranial nerves III and IV
Midbrain
66
Large tracts that contain axons of motor neurons from cerebrum to the rest of the brainstem and spinal cord
Cerebral peduncles (Midbrain)
67
Loss of these neurons related to Parkinson disease
Substantia nigra (Midbrain)
68
Nuclei that coordinates muscular movement
Red nuclei (Midbrain)
69
Colliculi involved in scanning eye movement and responses to visual stimuli
Superior colliculi (Midbrain)
70
Colliculi that responds to auditory input and startle reflex
Inferior colliculi (Midbrain)
71
Three major regions of the Diencephalon
1) Thalamus 2) Hypothalamus 3) Pineal Gland (part of the endocrine system)
72
Major sensory relay center, contributes to motor functions, plays role in consciousness
Thalamus (part of the Diencephalon)
73
Control of pituitary and hormone production Control and integration of the ANS Regulation of emotional and behavior patterns Regulation of eating and drinking Control of body temperature Regulation of circadian rhythms, sleep and awakening patterns
Hypothalamus (part of the Diencephalon)
74
Secretes melatonin which promotes sleepiness and contributes to setting the body's biological clock
Pineal Gland (part of the epithalamus region)
75
Location: Posterior to medulla and pons, inferior to cerebrum and attached to brain stem by cerebellar peduncles
Cerebellum
76
Structure: - Two Cerebellar Hemispheres - Cerebellar Cortex (Gray Matter) - Tree like appearance
Cerebellum
77
Functions: - Receives wide range of sensory input from muscles, joints, tendons, eyes, equilibrium receptors in ears and eyes - Compares actual movements with intended ones - Helps to smooth and coordinate skeletal muscle contractions - Helps execute skilled motor activities - Regulates posture and balance essential for skilled motor activities
Cerebellum
78
Structure of the Cerebrum
1. Longitudinal Fissure 2. Corpus Callosum 3. Cerebrum Layers
79
What divides the Cerebrum into right and left cerebral hemispheres?
Longitudinal Fissure
80
Broad band of white matter containing axons that connects the right and left cerebrum spheres internally
Corpus Callosum
81
What assists in motor control, emotions, behavior, executive function (cognitive process)?
Basal Ganglia (located in the Cerebrum layers)
82
Superficial grey matter of the Cerebrum
Cortex
83
Folds of the cerebrum
Gyri (gyrus)
84
Shallow grooves of the Cerebrum
Sulci (Sulcus)
85
How many lobes does each hemisphere of the cerebrum have?
Four 1. Frontal 2. Parietal 3. Temporal 4. Occipital
86
What separates the frontal and parietal lobes of the cerebrum?
Central Sulcus
87
Functions: - Sensory areas receive, input, leading to perception - Motor areas initiate movement - Association areas deal with integrative functions like memory, emotions, reasoning, will, judgement, personality, intelligence
Cerebral Cortex
88
Primary somatosensory area: Postcentral gyrus | Input sensory: Touch, proprioception, pain, itching, tickle, temperature
Cerebral cortex
89
Storage of memories of past sensory experiences
Somatosensory of the cerebral cortex
90
Area in the cerebral cortex generates nerve impulses causing a specific group of muscles to contract in a specific sequence
Promotor area of the cerebral cortex
91
Ring of structures on inner border of cerebrum and floor of diencephalon, called the "emotional brain." Plays a primary role in pain, pleasure, anger, affection and behavior
Limbic System
92
What controls the nervous system's involuntary behavior related to survival?
Limbic system
93
Which hemisphere of the brain controls spoken and written language, numerical and scientific skills, and reasoning?
Left Hemisphere
94
Which hemisphere of the brain is more involved with spatial and pattern recognition, emotional content of language, generating images of sight, sound, taste, and smell?
Right Hemisphere
95
Memory is associated in which areas of the brain?
1. Cerebrum lobes 2. Limbic System 3. Diencephalon
96
"Skill memory" is involved in which parts of the brain?
Cerebellum and Basal Ganglia
97
What are the 3 Deep Gray Nuclei (Basal Ganglia) called?
1) Globus Pallidus 2) Putamen 3) Caudate Nucleus

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