Misc Flashcards by Emily Mott

Osteitis Deformans; Characterized by abnormal cycle or process of bone destruction followed by excessive bone growth and thickening. Commonly seen in the pelvis, L-spine, and skull

Paget’s Disease

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Twisting of the intestines causing blockage

Volvulus

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Partial or complete blockage of the small or large intestine; common after surgery

Ileus

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Decisions and actions made to bring about good; i.e. to benefit the patient

Beneficence

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Prevention of harm (do no harm)

Nonmaleficence

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Refers to telling the truth

Veracity

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The complete killing of all microorganisms

Sterilization

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Microorganisms have been eliminated as much as possible

Medical asepsis

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Complete removal of all organisms from equipment and environment

Surgical asepsis

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tube inserted through the nose and down the esophagus into the stomach

Nasogastric (NG) tube

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salts of organic iodine compounds; composed of positively and negatively charged ions

Iodinated ionic contrast agents

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agents that do not ionize into separate positive and negative charges

Iodinated nonionic contrast agents

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The wheelchair is _____ to the table during transfer

Parallel

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Unit of exposure

Air kerma

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Unit of absorbed dose (1 J/kg) (air and tissue)

Gray

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upper boundary dose that can be absorbed, either in a single exposure or annually, with a negligible risk of somatic or genetic damage to the individual

Effective dose limit

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lifetime occupational exposure must not exceed the radiographer’s age multiplied by:

10 mSv

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equal to the absorbed dose multiplied by the radiation weighting factor

Equivalent dose

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amount of energy deposited by radiation per unit length of tissue

Linear energy transfer

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Measures number of ionizations in air (C/kg)

Exposure

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Weighting factor for x-rays

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Estimates the risk present when various tissues are irradiated

Effective dose

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Calculated as Sv = Gy × WR × WT

Effective dose

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Incoming x-ray photon strikes a K-shell electron

Photoelectric

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Incoming x-ray photon strikes a loosely bound, outer-shell electron

Compton

may be used for exam of the os calcis, various skull projections, and cone-down views of vertebral bodies

Cylinder cones

Source-to-tabletop distance for fixed fluoroscopes

no less than 15 inches (38 cm)

Use aluminum oxide to record dose

OSL dosimeters

Use lithium fluoride crystals to record dose

TLDs

provide readings as low as 10 μGya; insensitive to environmental factors

OSLs

provide readings as low as 50 μGya; insensitive to environmental factors

TLDs

Digital ionization dosimeters measure exposures as low as

50 μGya

Used to measure radiation in an area; measures doses of 10 μGya per hour

Handheld ionization chamber

Used to detect radioactive particles; meter reads in counts per minute

Geiger-Mueller detector

Upper/lateral regions of abdomen

Left and right hypochondriac

Upper middle region of abdomen

Epigastric

Middle lateral regions of abdomen

Left and right lumbar

Middle abdomen region

Umbilical

Lower lateral regions of abdomen

Left and right iliac

Lower middle region of abdomen

Hypogastric

A variable aperture is also known as a:

Collimator

The ilium is part of the:

Hip bone

The ileum is part of the:

small bowel

The voltage actually used in three-phase, six-pulse units is about:

87% of the kVp set on the control panel.

During a barium enema, which of the following positions would best demonstrate the hepatic flexure?

LPO

When going from single-phase to three-phase or high-frequency machines, kVp values may be decreased:

12-16%

For the PA oblique projection (RAO) for the stomach, the patient is rotated how many degrees?

40 to 70

An uncontrolled area must be kept ______ per week.

under 20 μSv

Systolic blood pressure measures:

Pumping action

A grid error in which there is normal exposure in the center of the image with cutoff visible on the sides is caused by:

grid-focus decentering.

Neglect or omission of reasonable care defines:

unintentional misconduct.

The control booth is a ____ barrier

Secondary

In CR, window level corresponds to the midpoint of:

Densities

The voltage actually used in three-phase, 12-pulse units is about ____ the kVp

96%

A fracture caused by acute hyperextension of the head on the neck is:

Hangman fracture

Ulnar flexion is synonymous with:

Radial deviation

Free radicals may recombine to form:

Hydrogen peroxide

An intestinal obstruction that may be mechanical or dynamic is:

Ileus

Electron energy is converted to light in what part of the image-intensifier tube?

Output phosphor

Special wiring patterns called wye, star, or delta produce what type of power?

Three-phase

Visible light is converted into an electronic image in what part of the image-intensifier tube?

Photocathode

The photon–tissue interaction that is also known as classical or Thompson's is:

Coherent

Which of the following ionizing radiations have a radiation weighting factor of 1? 1. Beta particles 2. Gamma photons 3. X-ray photons

1, 2, 3

OSL dosimeters may be worn as long as:

1 quarter

What is the single largest source of natural background radiation?

Radon

When a bone is being radiographed to evaluate a fracture, the tube, part, and IR must be in:

Parallel planes

Collapse of a lung

Atelactasis

Genetic effects follow what type of dose-response curve?

Linear-nonthreshold

The diagnostic useful range of x-rays is from:

0.1 to 0.5 angstrom.

Diastolic blood pressure less than 50 mm Hg indicates some level of:

Shock

To what height must in-wall primary protective barriers extend?

7 feet

Film badges measure doses as low as:

100 μGya

Heat units for three-phase, 12-pulse equipment are calculated by kVp × mAs × ____

1.41

kVp × mAs × ___ is used for single-phase equipment

1.00

kVp × mAs × ___ is used for three-phase, six-pulse equipment.

1.35

To what height must in-wall secondary protective barriers extend?

The ceiling

Filters made of aluminum and copper are placed in the film badge to measure x-ray:

energy

Exposure latitude is narrower at:

lower kVp levels

A flat piece of lead with a circle or square opening in the middle that is used to restrict the x-ray beam is called a:

aperture diaphragm

Marks on the anode resulting from bombardment by electrons are called:

pitting.

Grid ratio is expressed by the equation:

H/D

How do we measure the workload factor?

mA minutes per week

Which of the following effects describes the following: Increased dose equals increased probability of effects?

Stochastic effects

Atomic mass is represented by the letter

The letter __ represents atomic number

Which of the following is the target responsible for radiation-induced leukemia?

Bone marrow

Decreased anode angle = _____ anode heel effect

increased

Increase in SID = ___ anode heel effect

decrease

Increase in field size = ___ anode heel effect

increase

Smaller anode angle = ____ effective focal spot

smaller

Grid factor for 5:1 grid

Grid factor for 10:1 or 12:1 grid

grid factor for 16:1 grid

GCF formula

mAs1/mAs2 = gf1/gf2

Number of lead strips per inch

Grid frequency

OID (air gap) has a [direct/indirect] effect on contrast

direct

Number of shades of gray that can be used to define each pixel

Bit depth

Greater bit depth = _____ number of tones that can be represented

greater

takes electrical signals and turns them into digital bits of information; displayed as specific brightness levels

Quantization

Used to measure the quality of a digital image; evaluation of SNR

DQE

Whiter on the x-ray image

Radiopaque

Blacker on the x-ray image

radiolucent

Smaller anode angle = [more/less] receptor exposure

less (more x-rays absorbed in anode)

a measure of the imaging system's ability to display the contrast of anatomic objects varying in size, and the value will be between 0 (no difference in brightness levels) and 1.0 (maximum difference in brightness levels)

Modulation transfer function

MTF of ___ shows maximum difference in brightness levels

1.0

An important performance characteristic of an ADC is the _______, which determines how often the analog signal is reproduced in its discrete digitized form

sampling frequency

a standard formula for converting analog data into to discreet digital units to accurately represent the analog signal or imaging data in digital radiography.

Nyquist frequency

Sampling frequency ____ impacts spatial resolution

Directly

For every 1" increase in OID, a ___ increase in SID should be used to compensate

7-8"

Mag factor=

SID/SOD

How to find SOD

SID-OID

Equation for calculating object image size

Mag= image size/object size = SID/SOD

Angling the part causes:

foreshortening

Angling the tube/IR causes

Elongation

Misc Flashcards

(117 cards)