Misc

Question 1

What is the criteria (in terms of GFR) for stage 1-5 CKD?

Answer 1

1 = normal 
2 = 60-89
3 = 30-60
4 = 15-30
5 = <15

Question 2

What is Bell’s palsy?

Answer 2

facial paralysis due to CN7 dysfunction

Question 3

What is Ramsay Hunt?

Answer 3

VZV on face causing blisters, weakness, altered taste, loss of function

Question 4

What are you looking for on a urine dip for someone with HF?

Answer 4

Proteinuria = indicates CKD

Question 5

What meds should be stopped in HF?

Answer 5

NSAIDs

Question 6

How is bisoprolol different to atenolol?

Answer 6

More cardioselective

Question 7

What is involved in annual review for HF?

Answer 7

depression screen, flu jab, BP, med review, bloods (FBC, U+E)

Question 8

What bloods need doing in AF?

Answer 8

FBC, U+E, TFT, LFT, clotting

Question 9

What is dipyridamole?

Answer 9

Antiplatelet med

Question 10

S+S of temporal arteritis

Answer 10

Unilateral headache + blurred vision

Scalp tenderness

Question 11

What is involved in an annual HTN review?

Answer 11

BP, cholesterol, weight check, smoking, med side effects + compliance, urinalysis, depression screen

Question 12

What is trigeminal neuralgia?

Answer 12

Pain affecting trigeminal nerve - sudden severe electric shock type pain in jaw, gums + teeth

Question 13

What do Auer rods signify?

Answer 13

AML

Question 14

What do Howell-Jolly bodies signify?

Answer 14

Splenic atrophy

Common in sickle cell or coeliacs

Question 15

What are signs of NAI?

Answer 15

Torn frenulum, chest wall bruising, intracranial haemorrhage

Question 16

What are the S+S of viral encephalitis + how do you diagnose it?

Answer 16

Focal neuro signs, focal seizures, reduced level of consciousness
CSF w/ PCR

Question 17

Describe how mitral stenosis is caused + what the murmur sounds like

Answer 17

caused by rheumatic fever – diastolic murmur at apex (5th IC space mid clavicular line left side)

Question 18

Describe the aortic stenosis murmur

Answer 18

ejection systolic murmur in 2nd IC space right side

Question 19

Describe the PDA murmur

Answer 19

PDA – continuous machinery murmur in systole + diastole, heard inferior to left clavicle

Question 20

Describe the pulmonary stenosis murmur

Answer 20

ejection systolic murmur in 2nd IC space left side

Question 21

What do schisctocytes indicate?

Answer 21

HUS

Question 22

What is funcoplication?

Answer 22

Nissen’s surgery for GORD

Question 23

What is hand foot syndrome?

Answer 23

Complication of sickle cell

Question 24

What does the coxsackie virus cause?

Answer 24

Hand foot mouth

Question 25

When does rheumatic fever occur?

Answer 25

2-4 weeks after strep throat

Question 26

How do you treat PDA?

Answer 26

Cardiac catheter lab plugging

Question 27

What is enteropathic arthritis?

Answer 27

asymmetrical oligoarthritis, occurs with IBD

Question 28

What are the signs of biliary atresia + how is it diagnosed?

Answer 28

Jaundice + pale stools | USS

Question 29

What symptoms do you get with TORCH infections at birth?

Answer 29

Jaundice, microcephaly, seizures, encephalitis

Question 30

Describe lead poisoning - linked with what, S+S + treatment

Answer 30

linked with pica. Signs of encephalopathy, behavioural problems = treat with EDTA

Question 31

What are the S+S of congenital hypothyroidism?

Answer 31

hypotonia, coarse facial features, hoarse cry, prolonged jaundice, umbilical hernia

Question 32

What is sickle cell a mutation of?

Answer 32

Glutamine to valine

Question 33

What is the Schilling test used for?

Answer 33

Pernicious anaemia diagnosis

Question 34

What are the S+S of B12 deficiency?

Answer 34

peripheral neuropathy, smooth tongue, angular stomatitis

Question 35

Describe the pathology of central + nephrotic diabetes insipidus, how it is diagnosed + treated

Answer 35

Central diabetes insipidus = due to ADH deficiency Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus = due to ADH insensitivity DI – diagnose with water deprivation test – if plasma osmolarity increases + urine remains dilute = DI. Then give desmopressin – if urine becomes concentrated = CDI. If not, NDI Treat CDI with desmopressin, NDI with thiazide diuretics

Question 36

Why do you get hypovolaemic hyponatraemia?

Answer 36

mild dehydration

Question 37

What is the cause + effect of SIADH?

Answer 37

Caused by intracranial or pulmonary disease | Get hyponatraemia without oedema or dehydration

Question 38

What is the pathology behind Congenital adrenal hyperplasia ?

Answer 38

reduced corticoids due to deficiency in 21-hydroxylase. Causes increase in ACTH to increase in androgens. Salt losing crisis causes hyperkalaemia + hyponatraemia

Question 39

What is the difference between critical aortic stenosis + coarctation of the aorta?

Answer 39

Critical aortic stenosis = radial + brachial pulses are also hard to palpate (whereas coarctation, only femoral pulses are hard to palpate)

Question 40

What are the gram positive cocci?

Answer 40

Staph + strep

Question 41

What are the gram positive bacilli?

Answer 41

clostridium + listeria

Question 42

Gram negative diplococci

Answer 42

Neisseria

Question 43

Gram negative bacilli

Answer 43

E coli, klebsiella, proteus, salmonella, shigella, pseudomonas, pertussis, Hib, legionella

Question 44

Gram negative comma shaped

Answer 44

Gram negative comma shaped = vibrio, campylobacter, H pylori

Question 45

Spiral shaped bacteria

Answer 45

Treponema + Borrelia (Lyme)

Question 46

Difference between hydroceles + hernias

Answer 46

Hernias will transmit cough impulses, hydroceles won’t You can ‘get above’ a hydrocele but not a hernia Testis cannot be palpated with hydrocele Hernia does not transilluminate with a torch, hydroceles will

Question 47

What is a varicocele + how is it managed?

Answer 47

scrotal swelling that feels like ‘bag of worms’. Conservative management

Question 48

What does a mumps infection present like? What virus causes it?

Answer 48

causes parotid swelling + orchitis. Paramyxovirus

Question 49

What does diptheria present like?

Answer 49

grey slough covering tonsils. Gram positive anaerobe

Question 50

How does polio present?

Answer 50

disorder of anterior horn cells, affecting lower motor neurones

Question 51

How does TB present?

Answer 51

recurrent fever + erythema nodosum

Question 52

What is the inheritance of Marfans, Duchenne's + Williams?

Answer 52

``` Williams = gene deletion Marfans = autosomal dominant Duchenne's = X linked recessive ```