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Misc. Flashcards

1
Q

Metabolism of 1g of protein is how many calories?

Metabolism of 1g of carbs is how many calories?

Metabolism of 1g of fat is how many calories?

A

4

4

9

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2
Q

Mulberry shaped cytoplasmic inclusions

A

Ehrlichia chaffeensis

Transmitted via ticks

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3
Q

Cell death = loss of the nucleus

How does this happen?

A

Pyknosis: nucleus shrinks
Karyorrhexis: nucleus breaks up
Karyolysis: parts broken down into base components

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4
Q

What causes a red infarct?

A

Blood re-enters tissue after ischemia but cannot leave due to blockage in veins

Occurs in testes

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5
Q

Liquifactive necrosis is characteristic in (3)

A

Brain infarction
Abscess
Pancreatitis

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6
Q

Caseous necrosis is characteristic in (2)

A

TB and Fungal infections

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7
Q

Fat necrosis is characteristic in (2)

A

Breast and peripancreatic fat

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8
Q

Fibrinoid necrosis

A

Necrotic damage to blood vessel wall that stains pink

Characteristic of malignant HTN and vasculitis

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9
Q

Examples of apoptosis

A

Endometrial shedding
Removal during embryogenesis
CD8+ T cell-mediated killing of virally infected cells

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10
Q

What are the mediators of apoptosis?

A

Caspases

They activate proteases (breakdown cytoskeleton) and endonucleases (break down DNA)

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11
Q

Intrinsic mitochondrial apoptosis pathway

A

Cytochrome C leaks from inner mitochondrial matrix into cytoplasm

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12
Q

Extrinsic receptor-ligand apoptosis pathway

A

Fas ligand binds Fas death receptor on target cell (negative selection of T cells)
TNF binds TNF receptor on target cell

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13
Q

Enzymes needed for the elimination of free radicals

A

SOD (O2-)
Glutathione peroxidase (OH-)
Catalase (H202)

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14
Q

Type 1 collagen

A

Found in bone, skin, tendons, internal organs, and scars

Defective production in osteogenesis imperfecta (COL1A)

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15
Q

Type 2 collagen

A

Cartilage, IVD, vitreous humor

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16
Q

Type 3 collagen

A

Skin, blood vessels, granulations tissue

Defective in Ehlers-Danlos syndrome

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17
Q

Type 4 collagen

A

Basement membranes, lens, cochlea

Defective in Alport syndrome

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18
Q

Collagen synthesis

A

Alpha chain synthesis in RER (pre-procollagen)
Proline/lysine are hydroxylated/glycosylates in ER (Vit C)
Triple helix (procollagen) is exocytosed
N and C terminals are cleaves (tropocollagen)
Lysine is crosslinked by lysyl oxidase (Cu) (collagen fibrils)

19
Q

Systemic amyloidosis

A

Systemic deposition of AL amyloid derived from Ig light chain

Kidney is most commonly involved organ

20
Q

Secondary amyloidosis

A

Systemic deposition of AA amyloid derived from SAA

Chronic inflammatory states, malignancy, familial Mediterranean fever

21
Q

Alkylating agents cause what kind of cancer?

A

Leukemia/lymphoma

Side effect of chemotherapy

22
Q

Arsenic (Cigarettes) –> cancer?

A

Squamous cell carcinoma of skin, lung cancer, and angiosarcoma of liver

23
Q

Polycyclic hydrocarbons (Cigarettes) –> cancer?

A

Carcinoma of oropharynx, esophagus, lung, kidney, and bladder

24
Q

Nitrosamines –> cancer?

A

Stomach carcinoma

Found in smoked foods

25
Naphthylamine (Cigarettes) --> cancer?
Urothelial carcinoma of bladder
26
Vinyl chloride --> cancer?
Angiosarcoma of liver Used to make PVC
27
Nickel, chromium, beryllium, or silica --> cancer
lung carcinoma
28
Ionizing radiation --> cancer?
AML, CML, papillary carcinoma of the thyroid
29
Oncogene PDGF -->
Astrocytoma
30
Oncogene EGFR -->
Breast cancer (HER2)
31
Oncogene RET -->
MEN2A, MEN 2B, medullary carcinoma of thyroid
32
Oncogene ABL -->
t(9:22) CML
33
Oncogene c-MTC -->
t(8:14) Burkitt lymphoma
34
Oncogene N-MTC -->
Neuroblastoma
35
Oncogene L-MTC -->
Small cell lung carcinoma
36
Oncogene CCND1 -->
t(11:14) Mantle cell lymphoma | G1 check point
37
Oncogene CDK4 -->
Melanoma
38
P53 regulates what stage in cell cycle
G1 --> S phase Can trigger BAX to knock out BCL2 Germ line mut is Li-Fraumeni syndrome
39
Rb regulates what stage in cell cycle
G1 --> S phase Rb releases E2F to allow progression in cell cycle Retinoblastoma and osteosarcoma
40
BCL2
Stabilizes the mitochondrial membrane to prevent apoptosis
41
RNA pol I RNA pol II RNA pol III
rRNA mRNA (inhibited by amanita phalloides) snRNA and siRNA
42
G1 --> S
Synthesis of proteins and organelles RB usually bound to E2F to suppress growth ATM also regulates this checkpoint (p53)
43
Smooth ER
Detox of drug and toxins | Lipid synthesis
44
Stop codons
UAA UGA UAG

Step Review (17 decks)

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