MISC HARD Q'S

Question 1

What are the major elements of life (W2L1)

Answer 1

Carbon, Hydrogen, Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Oxygen and Sulfur

Question 2

Why do skeletal muscles stop functioning after strenuous exercise

Answer 2

due to build up of lactic acid and decrease in pH in the muscle

Question 3

What can lead to a coma

Answer 3

untreated diabetes > acidification of the blood by ketone bodies

Question 4

How are species named?

Answer 4

Two part name e.g Staphlyococcus(Genus) Accreus (Species)

Question 5

What are the characteristics of living things?

Answer 5

Reproduce, respond to environment, metabolise to use and generate energy

Question 6

What are the size of bacteria

Answer 6

1.5 micrometres

Question 7

What are the size of mycoplasma

Answer 7

0.1-1.0 micrometres

Question 8

What are the size of eukaryotes

Answer 8

10-100 micrometres

Question 9

Ribosomes can either exist as —-?

Answer 9

freely (cytosol) or bound (in ER or nuclear envelope)

Question 10

What does the mitochondrial matrix include

Answer 10

Mitochondrial RNA and ribosomes

Question 11

What are perioxisomes

Answer 11

specialised metabolic compartments that transfer H atoms to O2 forming H2O2

Question 12

What bonds do polymers have

Answer 12

covalent bonds

Question 13

What are proteins

Answer 13

Polymers of amino acid monomers

Question 14

How many different amino acids build 1000’s of proteins

Answer 14

20

Question 15

What do amino acids end in

Answer 15

-ine except for tryptophan

Question 16

What do proteins end in

Answer 16

-in, ase

Question 17

What bonds are between amino acids

Answer 17

peptide bonds

Question 18

What are the roles of proteins

Answer 18

structural, storage, transport, hormones, defense, contractile, receptor, enzymatic

Question 19

What was DNA initially

Answer 19

isolated as a mixture of protein and DNA from the nucleus of WBC

Question 20

What is the chemical composition of DNA

Answer 20

highly acidic and high in phosphorus

Question 21

What bonds do DNA have

Answer 21

phosphodiester bonds

Question 22

What does Thymine turn into during RNA replication

Answer 22

Uracil

Question 23

What do viruses contain (RNA or DNA)

Answer 23

RNA

Question 24

What type of DNA does chloroplast and mitochondria contain

Answer 24

Their own type of DNA not from the nucleus

Question 25

What is chromatin

Answer 25

DNA wrapped around protein beads (histone)

Question 26

What are the components on the fluid mosaic model

Answer 26

integral membrane proteins, peripheral membrane proteins, cholesterol, CHO, cytoskeleton

Question 27

What is cell sidedness?

Answer 27

extracellular face is toplogically equivalent to the inside face of ER, Golgi, Lysosomes, vesicle membranes

Question 28

What are integral membrane proteins

Answer 28

deep into membrane, stuck firmly, transport, signalling or anchoring

Question 29

What are peripheral membrane proteins

Answer 29

sit on surface of membrane, loosely attached

Question 30

What is cotransport

Answer 30

cytoplasmic side and H+ goes to the cytosol > create electrochemical gradient > goes back through the cotransporter

Question 31

What is food broken down into during catabolism

Answer 31

CO2 and H2O > to different tissues producing ATP

Question 32

What does fermentation do

Answer 32

convert glucose into lactate and release energy and ATP rapidly

Question 33

Where does glycolysis occur in?

Answer 33

Cytosol

Question 34

Where does the pyruvate go to get oxidised

Answer 34

Mitochondria

Question 35

What is substrate-led phospholyration

Answer 35

Make ATP by directly transferring a phosphate from a molecule from ADP

Question 36

When pyruvate gets oxidised in acetyl CoA what else is also produced with the acetyl CoA

Answer 36

NADH + CO2

Question 37

What do the redox reactions in glycolysis, pyruvate oxidation and TCA do?

Answer 37

transfer electrons from NAD and FAD producing NADH and FADH by dehydrogenase

Question 38

What is formed in glycolysis

Answer 38

4 ATP in payoff phase - 2 in investment phase > 2 in total produced and 2 NADH

Question 39

How many NADH is produced in the oxidation of pyruvate to acetyl CoA

Answer 39

2NADH

Question 40

Where do sugars enter in during cellular respiration

Answer 40

Glycolysis

Question 41

Where does glycerol enter during cellular respiration

Answer 41

G3P

Question 42

Where do fatty acids enter in cellular respiration

Answer 42

Acetyl CoA

Question 43

Where do amino acids enter

Answer 43

anywhere except glycolysis

Question 44

Which complex does not pump H+

Answer 44

Complex II

Question 45

Which complex pumps H+

Answer 45

Complex I, III, IV

Question 46

Where does fermentation occur in?

Answer 46

Cytosol

Question 47

What is produced in the light reaction

Answer 47

light energy is converted to chemical energy in the form of 3 ATP, 2 NADPH, 1 O2

Question 48

What is split in light reaction

Answer 48

H2O -> 2H+ + 2e- + O2

Question 49

Where does the light reaction occur

Answer 49

Thylakoids

Question 50

Where does calvin cycle occur

Answer 50

In stroma

Question 51

From 3CO2 in Calvin Cycle what is the net gain after reduction

Answer 51

One G3P

Question 52

How many rounds of Light Reaction occur to provide enough ATP and NADPH to Calvin Cycle

Answer 52

3 times -> Calvin Cycle requires 6 NADPH, 9 ATP

Question 53

How many g3p molecules does glucose produce

Answer 53

2

Question 54

Where does glycolysis occur

Answer 54

Cytosol

Question 55

What processes occur in the mitochondrial matrix

Answer 55

Pyruvate oxidation and TCA cycle

Question 56

Where does oxidative phosphorylation occur

Answer 56

Inner mitochondria

Question 57

Where does the H+ go after being ionised in the PSII

Answer 57

thylakoid space -> ATP synthase