MISC INFO Flashcards
1
Q
Dalmation coast
A
Dalmatian Coast: Formed by submergence of parallel river valleys aligned with geology; ridges become long narrow islands (e.g. Croatia’s Dalmatian Coast).
2
Q
Haff coasts
A
Haff Coast: Found along low-energy coastlines where long spits form lagoons parallel to the coast (e.g. Vistula Lagoon, Poland).
3
Q
Impact of bedrock lithology on coastal recession
A
Bedrock lithology (e.g. chalk, granite) is more resistant to erosion than unconsolidated material (e.g. boulder clay).
4
Q
Holdreness coast costal recession
A
Holderness Coast (East Yorkshire) erodes rapidly (avg 2m/year) due to its glacial till cliffs and lack of vegetation.
5
Q
Temporal changes in beaches
A
Temporal changes:
Short-term: Storms reshape beaches within hours.
Seasonal: More destructive waves in winter; constructive in summer.
6
Q
Rip Currents in sediment
A
Rip currents: Strong offshore currents pulling water back to sea – affect sediment sorting and deposition.
7
Q
Tidal currents in sediment
A
Tidal currents: Transport sediment in estuaries, especially during spring/neap tides.
8
Q
Offshore Bars
A
Submerged ridges parallel to the shore formed by destructive waves.
9
Q
Barrier beaches
A
Sand/ridge extending parallel to the coast, often with a lagoon (e.g. Chesil Beach, Dorset).
10
Q
Tombolo
A
Bar connecting an island to the mainland (e.g. St Ninian’s Tombolo, Shetland)
11
Q
Cuspate foreland
A
Triangular landform from LSD convergence (e.g. Dungeness, Kent).
12
Q
Types of weathering
A
Mechanical: Freeze-thaw, salt crystallisation.
Chemical: Carbonation (especially on limestone), hydrolysis.
Biological: Roots breaking rocks, animals burrowing, organic acids.
13
Q
Types of mass movement
A
Rockfall: Sudden, often triggered by weathering, creates talus scree.
Slumping: Rotational movement on clay, forms rotational scars and terraced cliffs.
Landslides: Blocks of rock move down a planar surface.
14
Q
3 landforms from mass movement
A
- Rotational scars
- Tauls Scree slopes
- Terraced cliff profiles
15
Q
Mass movement landforms
A
Rockfall: Sudden, often triggered by weathering, creates talus scree.
Slumping: Rotational movement on clay, forms rotational scars and terraced cliffs.
Landslides: Blocks of rock move down a planar surface.
16
Q
beach accretion
A
Occurs when sediment supply > erosion, allowing land growth (e.g. mangrove expansion).
17
Q
Fossil cliffs
A
Raised beaches with wave-cut platforms above sea level due to isostatic uplift (e.g. Isle of Arran, Scotland)
18
Q
Submergent landforms
A
Rias: Drowned river valleys (e.g. Kingsbridge Estuary, Devon).
Fjords: Drowned glacial valleys (e.g. Sognefjord, Norway).
Dalmatian Coasts: As above
19
Q
Rapid coastal recession
A
Rapid Coastal Recession
Physical: Soft geology, strong LSD, storm frequency.
Human: Coastal defences (groynes interrupting sediment flow), dredging.
Example: Holderness Coast – groynes at Mappleton worsen erosion further south.
20
Q
Factors increasing flood risk
A
Height: Low-lying land (e.g. Bangladesh).
Subsidence: Ground sinking due to groundwater extraction.
Vegetation removal: Mangrove deforestation increases erosion (e.g. Myanmar).
21
Q
Typhoon Hyan stas
A
Wind speeds: 195 mph
Storm surge: 5–6m
Deaths: ~6,300
4 million displaced, over 1 million homes damaged
Illustrates impacts of tropical cyclones on developing countries.
22
Q
Economic losses from recession n
A
UK: Happisburgh, Norfolk – homes lost, property value collapse.
California: Homes threatened by cliff erosion – high property values.
23
Q
Coastal flooding and storm surges
A
Developing: Bangladesh (2007 Sidr) – poor infrastructure, thousands dead.
Developed: UK (2013–14 floods) – high economic cost, disruption, insurance losses.
24
Q
Climate change and environmental refugees
A
Rising sea levels -> loss of land in Tuvalu, Maldives
Forced migration due to loss of livelihood and homes – “climate refugees”
25
Policy conflict in costal management
Players: Government, locals, environmentalists, businesses.
Winners/Losers:
Mappleton, Holderness: Groynes protected village, but increased erosion in Cowden.
In developing nations, poor may lack political power or resources to protect land.
26
Littoral zone
the coastal zome
27
Categories of the littoral zone
Offshore- not nearshore
nearshore- shallow water
Foreshore- waves fall in this area between the high tide and low tide
Backshore- Waves only at high energy events
28
Rocky coastline
cliffs varying in height formed from rock
29
Coastal plains
land gradually slopes towards the sea
more of a blurred boundary between land and coast
30
Cliffed coast
flamborugh head in Yorkshire, wave cut platform is the foreshore
31
Eastrine coast
formed from the mouths of rivers
mud flats are exposed at low tide
Blakey point in Norfolk
32
Primary coast
land based processed
33
Secondary coasts
marine erosion or deposition
34
types of tidal power
MicroTidal 2>
MesoTidal 2-4
MacroTidal >4
35
Sub arial processes
- weathering
- mass movement
- surface runoff
- above the waterline
36
Factors affecting rocks resistance
-how reactive minerals are
-clastic or sedimentary
- how many fissures and beding planes
37
Crystalline
igneous and metamorphic rocks made of crystals
38
Clastic
cemented particels
39
2 ways coastal plains can form
- deposition leading to costal accretion
- sea bed rising
40
Costal accretion
sediment being deposited and a Seward growth of coastline, vegetation is usually involved
41
Strata
layers of rock
42
faulting
major fractures which could have moved
43
Deformation
level of dip
44
Concordant coasts
rock strata runs parallel to the coastline
45
discordant coast (case study)
west cork in ireland
46
Haff coast
sediment ridges which experienced faulting
hasn't eroded and coastal sea level rise leading to that strata protruding parrelle to the coast
47
faults
major weaknesses from tectonic activity
48
Joints
cracks from pressure- vertical
49
fissures
smaller cracks
50
Types of dip
- horisontal
- seaward
- landward
51
strata
rock type of large and layer
52
Rock type
-Igneous
-Metamorphic
-Sedimentary
53
Igneous
-basalt or granate
- strongest
- crystalline interlocks
54
metamorphic
marble or slate
crystalline- one way crystals formign
55
sedimentary
sandstone or limestone
more are clastic
56
Halophtes
tolerates salt
57
xerophytes
non salt watet
58
pioneer species
their first
59
Climatic climate community
discideous
60
Dune types
embrio
fore dune
yellow dunes
grey dunes
dune slack
61
vegetation
-stabalising
- shadows from wins
- when submerged- less sea erosion
62
Where is the strongest waves in the uk
cornwall
63
how do waves break
when the base of the sea leads a water brushes against the sea bed and the orbital motion breaks causing wave break
64
Beach morphology
the shape of a beach
65
Berm
the shingle and gravel deposits from consecutive waves
66
erosional processes
-hydrolic action
- abrasion
- attrition
- solution
67
stack example
the old man of hoy
68
sediment settling
- gravity settling
- flocculation
69
spit CS
Blakey point
70
Bayhead beach
where waves break on headlands reducing wave energy leaving sediment to deposit onto the bay
lulworth cove Dorset
71
Tombolo
bar from land mass onto island
72
Barrier beach / Bar
Chisel beach, Dorset
bar connecting 2 areas of land
73
Hooked (recurved spit)
hurst castle spit
74
Cuspate forland
dugness kent
75
Case study for sediment cell
Holdrness coast
Flamborugh head (headland)
spurn head
76
Weathering
is the breakdown (in situ) of rock
mechanical- Freeze thaw
Chemical- chemical breakdown, rain
Biological- actions of plants or moments
77
Types of mass movement
Fall
- rockfall
- undercutting of cliffs by wave cut notch
Topple
-strata with deep dip fall into the sea
Translational slide
- low dip in strata leads to slide
rotational slide
other card
flow
- flows, common in weak rocks such as chalk
- structural materials
78
Emergent coast feature
- raised beaches
- fossil cliff
- fife
79
Submergent costal feaures
Submerging coassa features
Ria- downed valley
Fjords- glacially eroded valley
- u shaped valley
- very deep
80
Rotational slide
rotational slide
sandy / permeable sediment
water goes through and gets absorbed until hits unbermiable base
cracks when dries out
cracks fill when wet
slides when gets wetter which leads to rotational sliding
81
Marine Regression
sea level fall
82
Marine transgression
sea level rise
83
Highest point in sea level in Tuvalu
4.5 meters
84
how island states are affected by sea level change and also climate change
increase in temperature leads to coral beleachine which decreases their natural sea defences
salt water encroachment
85
Deltawerken
Hard Engineering mega project
Reduce risk of flooding in low lying areas
86
Barrier islands
- coastal submergence
- offshore bars
- not attached to cost
- natural form of costal defences
87
Reasons why people live on coastlines
-Pop with tourists
- deltas and easturies are ideal for agriclututure
- deltas fertile for farming
88
2013 north sea storm surge
-took lives of 325 people in the uk
- winds ober 140mph
-properties collapsed into sea
89
Soft engineering
beach nourishment
- replenishing sediment
Cliff stabilisation
- planting vegetation
- regrading cliff angle
- rock bots on anchor in cliff
Dune stabilisation
- effective costal defence
- dunes are prone to overgrazing
-wooden board walks in high traffic areas
90
Sustainable management in madlives
replenishing mangroves
91
integrated coastal zone management
plans for long term
involve all stakeholders
adopt all adaptive management
work with natural processes
92
Temporal scale
a scale which takes into account time
93
cuspate forland
lsd going alternative directions which leads to triage spit
94
talus scree slopes
Talus scree slopes, also known as scree slopes, are fan-shaped accumulations of loose, angular rock fragments at the base of cliffs or slopes.
95
Terraced cliff profiles
Terraced cliff profiles Where the cliff profile is stepped due to lithology or fractures in the rock.
96
coastal accretion
when coast extends
97
Hallsands in devon
Hallsands, a village on the south coast of Devon, was destroyed in 1917 after extensive dredging of offshore shingle in the late 1800s to expand the Royal Navy’s dockyard in Plymouth. This removal of sediment drastically lowered the beach, which had protected the village from the sea. Despite warnings, dredging continued until 1902, but the damage was done. A severe storm in 1917 overwhelmed the weakened coast, leaving Hallsands in ruins and ultimately abandoned.
98
Global middle class defined income
>10,000
99
Economic restricting
the shift from primary and secondary towards tertiary and quaternary industry
100
Costs of being a superpower
costs of maintaining hard power and soft power
101
Reasons Japan never became a superpower
-property bubble destroyed their stock market
- deflation
- Asian countries developed
102
India's version of a Big Mac
Maharaja Mac
103
how many top TNC are from USA
12 of top 16
104
When did the colonial era end
post ww2
105
why did decolonisation occour
post 1970, many countries had no money, had to rebuild, anti colinialisation movement
106
Neo Colonialist forms
Alliancs
AID
TNC investment
Terms of trade
dept
107
Long term carbon stores
crust
ocean
108
Short term carbon stores
Soil
Ocena
atmosphere
terrestrial ecosystems
109
Carbon cycle stores
Mechanical, biological and chemical weathering
decomposition of sediment
this is then transported
this then sedimentsies
metamorphis then occurs
110
metamorphis
- bearing of sediment
- pressure builds
- sediments become rock
- shale becomes slate
- limestone becomes marble
when organic matter builds up faster than it can be decayed organic carbon becomes oil, coal or natural gas instead of shale
111
process of chemical weathering
carbon in air
dissolves into rain which makes it acidic
this then falls as rain
into oceans
limestone
then subducts
then mantle degasses and releases it into the atmosphere
112
volcanic outgassing
pockets of C02 in the crust are relaleaeed into the atmosphere
Happens at tectonic boundaries
plates with no activity
emissions from the earths crust
113
Biological pumps
organic c02 sequesters by phytoplankton- becomes part of its biomass
this then grows rapidly
consumed by larger fish and sea creatures
then then die and litter the sea flood
2 billion metric tonnes of c02 are on the sea floor
114
carbonate pumps
marine organisms use calcium carbonate
when they did it dissolves and becomes decomposed
or part of white cliffs of dover
115
physical pumps
Ocean circulation of water
c02 in oceans is mixed slowly
colder water has a higher potential for c02 to be stored in the water
116
Thermohayline circualtio n
1000 year system
water moves round the entire earth
warm water travels north and receives enrichment while going through conveyer belt. oceans have got higher in c02 levels and this entire system has slowed down
117
terrestrial sequestration
primary producers take carbon out of atmosphere
consumers eat plants and become stores
decay and enters soil store
118
2 types of carbon flux
diurnal carbon flux
- changes daily
seasonally
co2 rises in northern hemisphere during winter as deciduous trees loose leaves
119
how much terrestrial carbon does the amazon rainforest have
17% of terrestrial carbon
120
wetlands and peatlands
wetlands that contain certain pear are important carbon stores
peat is a store of carbon
soils store 20-30% of carbon
sequester 2x more than the atmosphere
121
Humus soil
60% carbon
122
factors changing the capacity of the soil to store carbon
type
climate
123
what type of climate stores more carbon
wetter climates store more and colder climates. 1/3 of all soil is in the artic
sandy soils also store less carbon
124
carbon balance
in soils it is regulated by plant productivty, geology, erosion and the increase and decrease of movement of water in the soil
125
fossil fuel combustion impact
this increases the amount of carbon in the atmosphere by dramatic flux
126
4 aspects of the supply side of energy
accessibility
affordability
reliability
availability
requires accurate prediction of energy decline
127
Energy intensity
A measure of how efficiently a country transfers energy into GDP
a higher gdp-energy ratio suggests a developing country and more expensive energy
128
energy mix
the combination of avalibe differ sources of energy supply to meet energy demand
fossil fuels 80% of global energy mix
129
impact of high levels of imported energy
risk from
artificially hostile prices
suppliers cut for military reasons
130
factors affecting energy consumption
physical availability
cost
technology
standard of living
economic development
public perceptions
environmental proiorites
climate
131
energy pathways
route energy takes to get to some place
132
Energy players
TNC
OPEC
Comapries
Consumers
Pressure groups
133
Unconventional fossil fules
Tar sands
Oil shale
Shale gas
deepwater oil
134
Players in inconventional fossil fules
exploration companies
environmental groups
affected communities
governemnts
135
Biofules
fuelwood
biofuel crops
136
Biofuel crop example
Brazil- sugar cane ethanol
137
Ratical technology to reduce carbon emissions
Carbon capture and stroage
- expensive and carbon could leak out
Hydrogen fuel cells
- could be a source of heat
- can be a power source
138
Types of deforestation
clear cutting which removes forest
slash and burn which eventually allows a forest to regrow
139
Remote sensing
sensing by satellites which increases the rate of deforestation
140
Acidification of oceans
leads to shells weakening and coral as well which can collapse and coral has a role as a natural sea defense
141
forests roles
nutrient cycling
soil farming
product producing
142
forest outputs
Food (1.1% of global income)
wood
water
fuel (source for one In three)
143
greenhouse water purification
water releaser risks increases air and water pollution
144
Change in UK forest cover
80% to 10%
145
Artic barometer
showing pressures on natural systems from anotropogentic influences
146
What % of people in dev countries are supported by fishing industries
90%
147
Aquaculture
farming of organisms, only developed countries will have infrastucre to reduce new fishing species
148
Climate change adaption strategies
water conservation and management
resilient agricultural systems
land use planning
flood risk management
solar radiation management
149
mitigation of climate change
carbon taxing
renewable switching
energy efficiency
afforestation
carbon capture and storagre
150
Kyoto protacol
first major International climate agreement
advantages
supporters 75 developing countries with clean tech
paved way for new balances
2012 emissions 22.6% lower than 1990
disadvantages
slow ratification and use wither only industrialised countries
carbon credits uk if pollution emissions reducing may be balanced with other factors
151
Cryosphere
Ice sphere
152
How much water does the oceans contian
oceans contain up to 97% water
153
Blue water
water stored in rivers, streams, lakes and ground water
154
Green water
water sored in the soil and vegetation
155
residence time
how long water stays in a sore
15,000 years for ice
only 10 days for atmosphere
water with a higher residence time has a greater chance of pollution
156
Fossil water
Ancient deep trapped water from wetter times such as in the Sahara
157
how much of freshwater is accessible
1%
158
Dew Points
the temperature below atmospheric measure
159
Rain forms
when 100% saturation
condensation
below dew point temp
160
Rain Shadow
down side of the mountain
mountain incline pushes up moist air when it rises, condenses and proceeds to fall as rain
the downward slope receives little rain- rain shadow
161
Convectional rainfall
Intense rainfall
heating topics
162
Oregraphic rainfall
mountain
163
Cyclonic rainfall
sustained moderate rainfall
164
Interception loss
water caught by plants which wasn't recovered
165
throughfall
water falling from twigs and leaves
166
stemflow
water travelling down stems or trunks
167
Interception
water stored in vegetation
- water loss
- stem flow
- through fall
this is greatest at the start of a storm
dense needled coniferous forest allow greater accumulation of water
deciduous forests will loose more in the summer
more rainfall means less inception occurs
168
Infiltration
water going into the soil
depends on
-water in soil
- soil texture
- type changes amount of vegetation changes
- nature of soil surface structure is also importnant
-compacetd surface inhibits
- inversely related to the slope
169
Overland flow
Surface runoff
170
Throughflow
water through slope- then soil
percolates- lines of concentrated water between the soil and the water table
171
percolation
water into permiable rocks with pores
172
saturated overland flow
clogged soil means water will runoff overland
173
groundwater flow
water flowing through the rock
174
channel flow
moving through a river
175
Outputs
evaporation
transpiration
evapotranspiration
potential EVTP (water loss that would happen if there was a continus water in the soil)
176
Physical factors impacting raingall
soil
geology
relief
vegetation
177
Cloud seeding
silver iodine pellets
178
human impacts on overall evapotransiration
changes in land use (deforestation)
evaporation from additional protection
channelisation of rivers
reduces evaporation
179
deforestation in Nepal
increase impact of rain and decreases lag time. has brought sediment down
180
Infiltration forested fact
is 5X higher when areas are forested
181
Texican aquifers example
Texan aquifers have led to declining water tables because of irrigation used for irrigation
182
aral sea
recession of sea becuase of agricultural extraction in 1960
183
water budget
the balance of imputs and outputs into a water system
184
London water budget
in London, lower water using manufacturing has led to groundwater table rise- this has led to some flooding
185
River regimes
annual variations in discharge flow of a river at a particular point
much of this is supplied by groundwater
186
Meteorological drought
a lack of rain
in some reasons this has become a seasonal problem
soil water budget graphs can show water leaving the soil
187
agricultural drought
drought leading to deficiency in soil moisture
188
famine drought
a famine in an agricultural sense means crops fail and this leads to a humanitarian crisis
Horn of Africa famine
189
hydrological drought
reduced system and agricultural flows
this reduces water in situ
190
measures of drought
palmer drought severity index
crop moisture index
palmer hydrological drought index
191
human influences on a drought
deforestation, urbanisation all causes drought
192
wetlands
an area of marsh, fen or peatland which is wet
these cover 10% of the earths surface
- temp water supply
- recharge aquifers
- they are giant water filters
- high biological productivity
- contribute towards societal value
193
droughts on wetlands
-lower vegetation
- less infiltration
- less interception
- water tables fall
- transpiration decreases
- wetlands become less functional
- wildfires can destroy
- 2.5m km2 of wetland have been destroyed for agriculture
194
Saddam Husain Wetland Draingage
The Wetlands:
One of the largest wetlands in the Middle East — home to the Marsh Arabs (Ma'dan), rich wildlife, and unique ecosystems.
What Saddam Hussein did:
In the 1990s, after the 1991 Gulf War and a failed Shia uprising in the south, Saddam accused the Marsh Arabs of supporting rebels.
He ordered the draining of the wetlands as a form of punishment and control.
How he drained them:
Built dams, canals, and dikes to divert the Tigris and Euphrates rivers.
Constructed the Glory River to channel water away from the marshes.
Blocked water from reaching the wetlands, turning them into dry, cracked land
Over 90% of the marshes were destroyed.
Massive loss of biodiversity — fish, birds, and plant life died out or vanished.
Severe climate and soil changes in the region.
Human:
The Marsh Arab way of life (fishing, reed house building, water buffalo herding) was devastated.
Tens of thousands were displaced or killed.
195
Surface water flooding
rainfall doesn't have time to infiltrate surfaces so floods the surface
196
flash floods
flood with exceptionally short lag time- monsoons in asia
197
how many are globally at risk of flooding
900,000,00
198
negative impacts of floods
destruction of buildings
deaths
increase in food prices
power transfer
loss of infrastructure
199
positive impacts of floods
recharge of groundwater
still wetlands
increase connectivity
moce sediemnt and nutrientes
pollution
200
Aswan Dam
reduced flooding
led to less deposition of sediment on banks of nile
harmed subsisence farmers
201
Eutrophication
excessive nutrients causes a dense growth of plant life and a death of animal life from a lack of oxogen
202
impacts of climate change
intensification, accelleraton and enchantment of greenhouse gasses
203
how does the moisture holding capacity of the atmosphere change with an increase of temp
increase of 7% of water capacity from a 1% increase
204
Example MDG
Improving access to work
205
what % of the worlds water supply do the top 10% hold
60%
66% world population live in areas receiving 25% rainfall
206
Factors leading to a rising demand for water
increase in population
increase in meat consumption
increase in consumer goods
increase in average income
fracking
207
water availability gap
difference between who has and doesn't have water
208
virtual water
hidden flows of water to produce or process a product
this can increase the amount of water consumed by developed countries
209
what share of the wold will be water stressed in 2050
hald
210
physical scarcity
no water
75% blue water being used
25% worlds popultion
211
economic scarcity
development limits ability to source water
no access becuase of this
212
green revolution
use of high yield variatios to improve supply and irrigation in the soil
213
sea water incursion
can occur from overabstraction
214
how many people are without clean water
1 billion
215
factors affecting water supply
cost of supply
demand
infrastructure
who supplies
216
what % of large rivers are impeded by dams
60%
217
Big desalination platers
Saudia Urabia
UAE
these countries have cheaper energy which makes desalination more attractive
218
China Dam project
china noth south dam project
south of china is water rich
starting in 2003 costs 50bn
3 canals linking the 3 biggest rivers
transfer 44.8billion cubic meters of water per year
219
grey water
water not irreversibly contaminated
220
hydroponics
energy intensive but worth in higher crop yeilds
221
cola cola uses how much water per year
283 billion l of water
222
integrated water resource management
provess whcih promotes the co-ordination of development management of the land and relocated resources in order to maximise economic and social welfare in equitable manner without compromising sustainability of vital easy systems
223
criteria for water sharing
natural
social and economic needs
downstream impacts
dependancy
efficiency
224
what is a cliff micro feature
A cliff micro feature is a small, detailed part of a larger cliff — something you can usually spot when you're fairly close. It's a micro (tiny) landform compared to the whole cliff face. Some examples of cliff micro features include:
Ledges: little shelves sticking out.
Cracks and joints: small splits or fractures in the rock.
Overhangs: where part of the cliff juts outward and hangs above open space.
Caves or notches: small hollows eroded into the cliff.
Wave-cut platforms: flat areas at the base of a cliff formed by erosion, often visible at low tide near coastal cliffs.
Rockfalls or talus slopes: piles of broken rock at the bottom of cliffs.
225
Talus scree slope
rocks at the bottom of the cliff
natural sea defence
226
what is a terraced cliff profile
a cliff which has many strata
some which erode faster leave others sticking out
227
Benioff zone
a sloping zone of earthquakes that happens where one tectonic plate is being pushed down into the mantle
228
what is the lithosphere and asthenosphere
lithospehere- outside of the earth. including the crust
asthenspohehe- spongy upper mantle which is hotter and more flexible
229
Primary waves
fastest
compression waves
travel through all states
230
secondary waves
slower
side to side or up or down
only solids
231
surface waves
slowest
only along surface
most damage
232
how to remember the waves
p is primary is push- pull (fastest)
s is secondary- shake- (sideways)
s is surface- slow and strong
233
Primary and secondary hazards
primary- direct result of earthquake itself- falling buildings
secondary- follow up of the earthquake- tsunami
234
what is the par model
model to understand causes of natural hazards
root causes- poverty
- underlying factors which set the stage for vulnerability
dynamic pressures- urbanisation
- pressures which building up over time
unsafe condition- poor building
- when pressures lead to unsafe conditions
hazard
- a natural event
235
Parks disaster response curve
The Parks Disaster Response Curve shows the typical phases a community goes through after a disaster:
Pre-disaster: Normal conditions before the disaster strikes.
Disaster (shock): Immediate chaos and damage when the disaster occurs.
Relief: Emergency response providing basic needs (food, water, shelter).
Rehabilitation: Rebuilding essential services and infrastructure.
Reconstruction: Full recovery and long-term rebuilding.
Normalization: The community returns to a stable, sometimes improved, state.
The curve illustrates how a community's well-being drops sharply after a disaster and gradually recovers over time, returning to normal or a better condition.
236
mega disaster
a disaster which
kills ober 1000
has huge economic impacts
affects multiple countries
other hugely significant impact
237
what is a tectonic hazard profie
A tectonic hazard profile is a detailed description of the characteristics of a specific tectonic hazard (such as earthquakes, volcanoes, tsunamis, or landslides). It helps assess the hazard's potential impacts, risks, and frequency. Key elements of a tectonic hazard profile include:
Type of Hazard: Identifies the hazard (earthquake, volcano, etc.).
Location: Describes where the hazard occurs, often near tectonic plate boundaries.
Magnitude: Measures the size or strength (e.g., Richter scale for earthquakes).
Frequency: How often the hazard occurs in a given area.
Duration: How long the hazard lasts (e.g., seconds for earthquakes, weeks for volcanic eruptions).
Speed of Onset: How quickly the hazard strikes (instantaneous for earthquakes).
Impact: Effects on people, infrastructure, and ecosystems.
Preparedness and Response: The readiness of the area to respond (e.g., building codes, early warning systems).``
238
what is geological struture
the arrangement of rock
includes its folds, faults, joints, bedding and strata
239
NPP
Net Primary Productivity (NPP) measures the amount of carbon plants capture through photosynthesis minus the carbon they release through respiration. It reflects the carbon stored in plant biomass, helping gauge how much carbon is being absorbed from the atmosphere by ecosystems.
240
what is biological deposition
the accumulation of organic material from living organisms contributing to soil formations
key components
- leaf litter
- shell deposits
- pear formation
241
what is a river regime
the pattern of flow of a river over time- usually a year. this includes seasonal change and is affected by vegetation, land use, precipitation and temprretaure
snow fed river will have a peak in the spring
tropical river will have a peak in rainy season
242
types of river regimes
simple regime- clear single peak and decrease
complex regime- a river with multiple peaks thought the year
perennial regime- all year
intermittent regime- only some of the year
243
hard engineering of rivers
dams
articifical levees
chanelisatipn
embankments
flood walls
resivourts
244
radical technologies
carbon capture and storage
geothermal energy
biofules
hydrogen fuel cels
245
Environmental Kuznets curve or an energy consumption vs. development curve
in less developed countries energy consumption increases as economies grow
as countries develop and grow energy consumption rapidly increases
however after a certain point begins to decrease from more energy efficient technologies which are greener
246
geological process
a natural phenomenon that shapes the earths surface and interior
plate tectonics, volcanism, erosion, sedimentation, weathering, metamorphosis
247
metamorphism
the transforatmtion of rock due to pressure and temp
248
types of coastal flooding
tidal flooding
storm surge
flash flooding
river flooding
249
saltwater encroachment
refers to the movement of saltwater into freshwater sources when sea level rises into underground aquifers or surface water stores
250
three types of rick
igneous rock- colling of molten rock
- granite. Slow cooling of beneath earths surface or basalt which is fast cooling at earths surface
Sedimentary rock - composition and collection of sediments
- limestone which is from remains of marine organisms
metamorphic rocks
- from the transformation of existing rocks
- under high pressure, heat or chemically active fluids
such as marble which is limestone under heat and pressure
251
material in shells
calcium carbonate
