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Phase 3a Medicine🩺 > Miscellaneous🌈 > Flashcards

Miscellaneous🌈 Flashcards

1
Q

What i sthe best blood test to represent changes in liver function?

A

Prothrombin time (PT)

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2
Q

For autosomal recessive conditions, if both parents are carriers, what is the chance of an affected child?

A

25%

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3
Q

For autosomal recessive conditions, if both parents are carriers, what is the chance of a carrier child?

A

50%

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4
Q

What is the inheritance pattern of mitochondrial
diseases?

A

Inheritance is only via the maternal line as the sperm contributes no cytoplasm to the zygote

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5
Q

Which vaccines are live-attenuated vaccines?

A

MMR, Rotavirus, smallpox, chickenpox, yellow fever, BCG

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6
Q

Which vaccines are mRNA vaccines?

A

COVID-19

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7
Q

Which vaccines are toxoid vaccines?

A

Diphtheria, Tetanus

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7
Q

Which vaccines are toxoid vaccines?

A

Diphtheria, Tetanus

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8
Q

Which vaccines are recombinant protein vaccines?

A

Hepatitis B, HPV vaccines, MenB vaccine

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9
Q

Which vaccines are conjugate vaccines?

A

HiB vaccine, MenC vaccine, PCV, MenACWY

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10
Q

For sick day rules in adrenal insufficiency what changes do you make to medication?

A

Double the dose of hydrocortisone but keep the dose of fludrocortisone the same

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11
Q

On lymph node biopsy what are Reed-Sternberg cells indicative of?

A

Hodgkins lymphoma

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12
Q

What conditions is smoking protective against?

A

UC, Endometrial cancer, Parkinsons

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13
Q

How long should an ‘unprovoked’ pulmonary embolism be treated?

A

6 months

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14
Q

What scale is used to help identify obstructive sleep apnoea?

A

Epworth sleepiness scale

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15
Q

What is the inheritance of Marfan’s Syndrome

A

Autosomal Dominant

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16
Q

What can low albumin on LFT be indicative of?

A
  • Can be a sign of malnutrition (Crohn’s/UC, Coeliac)
  • Kidney disease, liver disease (hepatitis, cirrhosis)
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17
Q

What can high albumin on LFT be indicative of?

A

Severe infections/dehydration, chronic inflammatory diseases, hepatitis

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18
Q

What is increased ALP on LFT indicative of?

A

Bile duct obstruction stimulates ALP synthesis
Increased in Obstructive Liver disease
Increased in non-hepatic origin like when there is increased osteoblastic activity for example in Paget’s osteomalacia, Vit D Deficiency

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19
Q

What is pneumonia by definition?

A

“Inflammation of the lung”

20
Q

What score do you use for CAP severity?

A

C= Confusion
U= Urea >7mmol/L
RR = 30/min
BP = Systolic <90mm/Hg or diastolic <60mm/Hg
Age = >65
In community there is no urea

21
Q

What is pulmonary hypertension?

A

Pulmonary hypertension is defined as an mPAP of above 25mmHg as measured at right heart cathererisation and secondary ventricular failure

22
Q

What is the antibiotic used for Pseudomonas aerunginosa COPD exacerbation?

A

Oral ciprofloxacin

23
Q

What is sarcoidosis?

A

Multi-system granulomatosis disease of unknown cause

24
Q

How is Hepatitis A spread?

A

Faeco-oral transmission
Endemic in Africa and South America

25
Q

What is the first line treatment for Chronic Hepatitis B?

A

Pegylated Interferon Alpha

26
Q

What is the aetiology of Wilson’s Disease?

A

An autosomal recessive disorder of a copper transporting ATPase, ATP7B

27
Q

What is Barretts Oesophagus?

A

the epithelium of the oesophagus undergoes metaplasia and changes from squamous to columnar epithelium

28
Q

What are some risk factors for a Mallory-Weiss tear?

A

Alcoholism, forceful vomiting, eating disorder, male

29
Q

What is the treatment for H.Pylori?

A

TRIPLE THERAPY
PPI + Amoxicillin + Clarithromycin

30
Q

What is ascites?

A

Effusions and accumulation of serous fluid in the abdominal cavity

31
Q

What is Conn’s Syndrome?

A

Primary hyperaldosteronism

32
Q

What will hyperkalaemia look like on ECG?

A

Tall tented T waves, small p waves and wide QRS

33
Q

What gene is Spondyloarthropathy linked with?

A

HLA B27

34
Q

What blood tests would you do for RA and what would the results be?

A
  • Normochromic normocytic anaemia
  • ESR and/or CRP
  • Positive RF in 80%
  • Positive Anti-CCP in 30%
35
Q

What are the radiological features of Osteoarthritis?

A
  • LOss of joint space
  • Osteophytes
  • Subchondral cysts
  • Subarticular sclerosis
36
Q

What antibodies would you test for in SLE?

A
  • Anti-nuclear antibodies - 95% positive
  • Anti-double stranded DNA - Highly specific but only positive in 60%
    Serum complement C3 and C4 are REDUCED
37
Q

What is the inheritence of G6PD deficiency?

A

X- linked but women may also be affected

38
Q

What gene is affected in polycythaemia vera?

A

95% have an activating mutation in JAK2 that means that EPO signalling is constant

39
Q

What is the inheritance of Haemophilia A?

A

X-linked recessive

40
Q

What is the most common renal cancer?

A

Renal cell carcinoma (a type of adenocarcinoma)

41
Q

What are the symptoms of kidney cancers?

A

Half the time they are found incidentally
Blood in urine, loin pain or mass

42
Q

What the most common type of bladder cancer?

A

Transitional cell carcinoma

43
Q

What is the typical presentation of an individual with bladder cancer?

A

Painless visible haematuria in 85% of cases

44
Q

What is the most common cause of testicular cancer?

A

90% are germ cell tumours

45
Q

What is the biochemistry of renal stones?

A

Form from crystals that are supersaturated in urine
CALCIUM OXALATE are the most common stones
You can also get calcium phosphate stones but these are uncommon

46
Q

What is diabetes insipidus?

A

A disorder caused by low leves of/ or insensitivity to ADH leading to polyuria. This can be either cranial or nephrogenic in origin.

47
Q

What is the first-line investigation for Addison’s disease?

A

Short Synacthen test

48
Q

What tumour marker is associated with cholangiocarcinoma or cancer of the head of the pancreas?

A

CA19-9

Phase 3a Medicine🩺 (12 decks)

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