Miscellaneous Flashcards
What 3 components are involved in Kobasa’s definition of hardiness?
1) Commitment - a sense of purpose and involvement in one’s life
2) Challenge - an openness to new experiences and change
3) Control- the belief that one has the ability to influence one’s life or events
What are the 4 steps of a needs analyses and why do them?
Needs analyses are done to determine training needs. The simplified steps include:
1) Identify if training is needed
2) Identify what needs to be done well
3) Identify who needs training
4) Identify if different people have different needs
What are Super’s 5 Career Development Life Span stages?
GEEMD - Gerry Experienced Extraterrestrial Medical Doctors
1) Growth (0 to 14 years)
2) Exploration (14 to 25) - specify, crystalize, and implement career choice
3) Establishment (25 to 45) - cultivate career
4) Maintenance (45 to 65) - securing position and remaining competitive
5) Disengagement (65 and over)
What assessment can be used to assess Super’s job maturity?
Career Development Inventory
What is Super’s career development theory?
Super’s career maturity (career adaptability) describes a person’s ability to cope with the developmental tasks of their stage and focused on the self-concept job fit
What are Holland’s 6 personality/work types?
Holland focused on personality/job fit using RIASEC occupational themes:
1) Realistic (R for railroad worker): Preferences are technical, physical, mechanical, and outdoor activities.
2) Investigative (I for investigator): Preferences are scientific, mathematical, analytical, and scholarly activities.
3) Artistic (A for artist): Preferences are music, art, writing, drama, and other creative activities.
4) Social (S for social worker): Preferences are activities that involve working with and helping others.
5) Enterprising (E for entrepreneur): Preferences are activities that involve competition, management, sales, and public speaking.
6) Conventional (C for accountant): Preferences are structured, unambiguous activities that involve organizing data, attending to detail, and following through on others’ instructions.
What are Roe’s 8 basic job fields?
Soot Bags
1) Service
2) Outdoor
3) Organization
4) Technology
5) Business Contact
6) Arts and Entertainment
7) General Cultural
8) Science
How many levels are there to Roe’s job complexity range?
6 levels of complexity that range from unskilled to professional and managerial.
What is Krumboltz’s career counseling approach and which assessment is associated with him?
Krumboltz’s approach focuses on continual learning and self-development, which enable the individual to respond to changes in work requirements.
He is associated with the Career Belief Inventory which can be used to identify irrational, illogical beliefs that affect an individual’s career-related decisions.
What are Brousseau and Driver’s 4 dynamic career models?
Brousseau and Driver’s ideal career paths:
1) Linear career concept - progressive upward movement in terms of authority and responsibility
2) Expert career concept - lifelong commitment to an occupational specialty and focus on developing knowledge and skills
3) Spiral career concept - periodic moves across occupational specialties or disciplines
4) Transitory career - frequent job changes to unrelated fields
What are the 2 tenants of Dawis and Lofquist’s theory of work adjustment?
1) Satisfaction - the degree to which the characteristics of the job correspond to needs and values
2) Satisfactoriness - the extent to which the worker’s skills correspond to the skill demands of the job
What assessment is associated with Dawis and Lofquist’s theory of work adjustment?
The Work Values Assessment helps identify occupations that fit needs and values and assesses 21 work needs that correspond to six work values – achievement, independence, recognition, relationships, support, and working conditions
What are the 7 career theorists and their associated career theory?
1) Holland - personality/job fit
2) Brousseau and Driver - career-concept/job fit
3) Super - self-concept/job fit
4) Roe - basic needs/job fit
5) Tiedeman and O’Hara - ego identity development/job fit
6) Dawis and Lofquist - personal & work values/job fit
7) Krumboltz - social learning/job fit
What are the premises of Hersey and Blanchard’s situational leadership styles?
Preferred leadership style (task and relationship orientations) depends on job maturity (ability and willingness to accept responsibility)
According to Hersey and Blanchard’s situational leadership styles, what is a telling leader and when are they most effective?
A telling leader has a high task, low relationship style and is most effective for employees who are low in both ability and willingness
According to Hersey and Blanchard’s situational leadership styles, what is a selling leader and when are they most effective?
A selling leader has a high task, high relationship style and is most effective for employees with low ability and high willingness
According to Hersey and Blanchard’s situational leadership styles, what is a participating leader and when are they most effective?
A participating leader has a low task, high relationship style and is most effective for employees with high ability and low willingness
According to Hersey and Blanchard’s situational leadership styles, what is a delegating leader and when are they most effective?
A delegating leader has a low task, low relationship style and is most effective for employees who are high in both ability and willingness
According to Simon, what does bounded rationality mean and when does it happen?
Bounded rationality occurs when decision-makers make irrational decisions due to limitations to abilities, time, and resources.
What are Hofstede’s 5 dimensions of national culture?
1) Power distance - acceptance of unequal distributions of power
2) Uncertainty avoidance - willingness to tolerate ambiguity
3) Individualism - extend to which individuals or groups are the basis of the social system
4) Masculinity - priority on assertiveness, independence, and competitiveness
5) Long-term orientation - focus on future versus past/present
What 3 factors contribute to variability in a study’s DV?
1) Experimental variance - the effect of the IV
2) Systematic error - error due to confounding variables
3) Random error - error due to random fluctuations in subjects, experimental conditions, methods of measurement, etc.
So an investigator wants to (a) maximize variability in the DV that is caused by the IV, (b) control variability that is due to extra variables, and (c) minimize variability caused by random error
What is the definition of a nominal scale?
A nominal (categorical) scale divides variables into unordered categories where the numbers merely act as labels and do not provide information about the categories.
Ex: Gender, religion, political affiliation, DSM diagnosis
What is the definition of a ordinal scale?
An ordinal scale not only divides variables into categories but also provides information on the order of those categories. They do not tell you how MUCH of a difference there is between scores though (e.g., Likert rating 1 vs 2 doesn’t mean 2 is 50% more than 1).
Also, zeros are arbitrary and cannot represent an absolute lack or absence of something.
Ex: Rankings and Likert scales
What is the definition of a interval scale?
An interval scale provides information about the order AND degree of difference between points of the scale. However, zeros are arbitrary again and cannot represent an absolute lack of absence of something. This lack of 0 means mathematic calculations can’t be performed.
Ex: IQ scores or temperature
What is the definition of a ratio scale?
A ratio scale provides information about the order and degree of difference between points. Additionally, they have absolute zero points to represent a complete absence of the characteristic being measured. An absolute zero point makes it possible to multiply and divide ratio scores and to determine more precisely how much more or less of a characteristic one person has compared to another.
Ex: Number of products sold, money raised, calories consumed
In a normal distribution, what percentages correspond with +/-1 standard deviation, +/-2 standard deviations, and +/-3 standard deviations from the mean?
1 standard deviation - 68%
2 standard deviations - 95%
3 standard deviations - 99%
What is the standard deviation?
The standard deviation is the square root of the variance.
What is the standard error of the mean?
The standard error of the mean is equal to the standard deviation of a sampling distribution of the mean.
It provides an estimate of the extent to which the mean of any one sample randomly drawn from a population can be expected to vary from the population mean as the result of sampling error. In other words, it is a measure of variability that is due to the effects of sampling error.
What is the formula for the standard error of the mean (SEM) ?
SEM = Population’s SD / Square Root of the Sample Size
Example: 10 pop SD / square root of sample size 25 = 10/5 = 2
The standard error of the mean (SEM) decreases as the sample size increases.
What are the 2 types of tests for nominal data?
Only 2 nonparametric tests exist for nominal, there are no parametric tests. They are either single sample or multiple sample chi-square tests depending on if there are 1 or 2+ variables.
What are the 3 tests for ordinal data?
Only 3 nonparametric tests exist for ordinal data, there are no parametric tests.
1) Mann-Whitney U test (2 independent groups)
2) Wilcoxon matched-pairs test (2 correlated groups)
3) Kruskal-Wallis test (2+ independent groups)
What 3 t-tests, 7 analyses of variance tests, and 1 extra test are available for interval or ratio data?
Interval and ratio data get parametric tests that are grouped as t-tests or analyses of variance with or without M/Cs.
1) T-tests for single, independent, or correlated samples
2) One-way ANOVA (1 IV, 2+ independent groups)
3) Factorial ANOVA (2+ IVs, independent groups)
4) Randomized block ANOVA (confound is included as an IV)
5) ANCOVA (confound is removed)
6) Mixed ANOVA (independent and correlated groups)
7) Repeated measures ANOVA (2+ correlated groups)
8) MANOVA (2+ DVs)
9) Trend analysis (quantitative IV)
