Lifespan & Development Flashcards
(94 cards)
1
Q
What are Rutter’s 6 indicators?
A
1) Severe marital discord
2) Low SES
3) Overcrowding or large family size
4) Parental criminality
5) Maternal psychopathology
6) Placement of child outside of home
2
Q
What 3 factors did Werner et al. find increased positive outcomes for high-risk babies?
A
1) Fewer stressors following birth (no poverty, stable family, no maternal health problems)
2) Easy temperament marked by high social responsivity, good communication skills, and consistent eating/sleeping patterns
3) Stable support from a caregiver
3
Q
What age does the brain meet 3 weight milestones?
A
1) At birth, the brain is 25% of its adult size
2) By age 2, the brain is 80% of its adult size
3) By age 16, the brain is its full adult size
4
Q
What age does the brain reach 25% of its adult size?
A
Birth
5
Q
What age does the brain reach 80% of its adult size?
A
By age 2
6
Q
What age does the brain reach 100% of its adult size?
A
By age 16
7
Q
What order does the cortex develop?
A
Cephalocaudal, which means that the cortex that controls movement of the head and trunk develop before the limbs
8
Q
What 4 key techniques are used to study newborn perception?
A
1) High-amplitude sucking for 1 - 4 months
2) Reaching for 3+ months
3) Head turning for 5.5 - 12 months
4) Heart and respiration rate for all ages
9
Q
When does color vision develop?
A
Limited color vision develops by 2 months
10
Q
What age does high-amplitude sucking prove useful for newborn perception research?
A
1 - 4 months
11
Q
What age does reaching prove useful for newborn perception research?
A
3+ months
12
Q
What age does head turning prove useful for newborn perception research?
A
5.5 - 12 months
13
Q
What age does heart and respiration rate prove useful for newborn perception research?
A
All ages
14
Q
What is a newborn’s visual acuity compared to an adults?
A
Vision is the least developed sense at birth - newborns see at 20 feet what normal adults see at 200 - 400 feet
15
Q
When do humans develop their adult level of visual acuity?
A
By 6 months
16
Q
How does depth perception develop (3)?
A
Sensitivity to depth cues emerges in a predictable sequence:
1) Kinetic cues
2) Binocular cues
3) Pictorial cues
17
Q
When does depth perception develop?
A
Depth perception develops by 4 - 6 months
18
Q
What do we know about newborn visual preferences (3)?
A
1) Newborns prefer high-contrast patterns
2) Newborns prefer faces by 2 - 5 days after birth
7) Infants prefer their mother’s face by 2 months old
19
Q
How does newborn audition develop and compare to adults (2)?
A
1) Newborns are only slightly less sensitive to sound intensity than adults.
2) Auditory localization is evidence at birth, disappears, and then remerges and improves after 4 months old
20
Q
By what age do infants prefer the sound of their mother’s voice?
A
3 months
21
Q
When can infants distinguish vowels and consonants?
A
1) Vowels can be differentiated a few days after birth
2) Similar sounding consonants can be distinguished by 2 - 3 months old
22
Q
What are the 3 motor milestones for ages 1 - 3 months?
A
1) Raise chin from ground
2) Turn head from side-to-side
3) Play with hands and brings objects to mouth by hand
23
Q
What are the 3 motor milestones for ages 4 - 6 months?
A
1) Rolls from abdomen to back
2) Sits on lap and reaches and grasps
3) Stands with help
24
Q
What are the 3 motor milestones for ages 7 - 9 months?
A
1) Sits alone without support
2) Begins crawling
25
What is the motor milestones for ages 9 - 10 months?
Pulls self to standing by holding furniture
26
What are the 2 motor milestones for ages 10 - 12 months?
1) Stands alone
2) Takes first steps alone but walks with help
27
What are the 4 motor milestones for ages 13 - 15 months?
1) Walks alone with a wide-based gait
2) Crawls up stairs
3) Scribbles
4) Uses cups well
28
What are the 3 motor milestones for ages 16 - 18 months?
1) Runs clumsily
2) Walks up stairs with help
3) Can use a spoon
29
What are the 3 motor milestones by 24 months?
1) Climbs stairs alone
2) Kicks ball
3) Turns pages of a book
30
What are the 2 motor milestones by 30 months?
1) Jumps with both feet
2) Has good hand-finger coordination
31
What are the 3 motor milestones by 36 months?
1) Rides tricycle (tricycle for year 3)
2) Dresses and undresses self
3) Completely toilet trained
32
What is the motor milestones by 48 months?
Exhibits stable hand preference
33
When do teeth first begin appearing?
Ages 5 - 9 months
34
When does the adolescent growth spurt begin and when does it tend to end (3)?
1) Begins ages 11 - 12 for girls and 13 - 14 for boys
2) Lasts 3 - 4 years
3) Ends by age 15 for girls and by 17 for boys
35
How does vision change during adulthood (2)?
1) After age 40, most adults begin to notice some inability to focus on close objects (presbyopia, like farsightedness)
2) After age 65, most experience visual changes such as loss of visual acuity, reduced perception of depth and color, increased light sensitivity, deficits in visual search, dynamic vision (perceiving the details of moving objects), and speed of visual processing
36
How does audition change during adulthood (2)?
1) The majority do not have significant hearing loss until after age 75
2) Individuals 75 - 79, at least 50% have hearing deficits that interfere with daily functioning. The biggest problem is a decreasing ability to perceive high-frequency sounds, which tends to occur earlier in men than in women and makes it difficult to understand human speech, especially when there is competing noise.
37
What is the Babinski reflex?
Toes fan out and upward when the soles of the feet are tickled
38
What is the Moro reflex?
Flings arms and legs outward and then toward the body in respond to a loud noise or sudden loss of physical support
39
What is Piaget's constructivism theory of cognitive development?
For Piaget, the motivation for cognitive development comes from cognitive equilibrium. In other words, development occurs when disequilibrium is caused by a discrepancy between reality and current cognitive schemas. Equilibrium is restored through adaptation, which includes:
1) Assimilation is the incorporation of new knowledge into existing cognitive schemas
2) Accommodation is the modification of existing schemas to incorporate new knowledge
40
What are the 3 types of genotype-environment correlations?
1) Passive genotype-environment correlation
2) Evocative genotype-environment correlation
3) Active genotype-environment correlation (e.g., niche-picking)
41
What are teratogens?
Teratogens are substances that cause birth defects in the developing fetus and include drugs, chemicals, and certain maternal conditions
42
When are teratogens most likely to cause major structural abnormalities?
Exposure during the embryonic stage (weeks 3 through 8) is most likely to cause major structural abnormalities
43
What is fetal alcohol syndrome?
Fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) is the most severe form of fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD) and may result when the mother drinks heavily, especially during the second half of the first trimester.
FAS is characterized by facial anomalies; retarded physical growth; heart, kidney, and liver defects; vision and hearing impairments; cognitive deficits; and behavioral problems (e.g., hyperactivity, impulsivity, social withdrawal).
44
What is alcohol-related neurodevelopmental disorder (ARND)?
Alcohol-related neurodevelopmental disorder (ARND) is characterized by:
1) Cognitive deficits
2) Behavioral problems
3) NO prominent facial anomalies, retarded physical growth, or physical defects
45
What is alcohol-related birth defects (ARBD)?
Alcohol-related birth defects (ARBD) involves:
1) Physical defects (e.g., heart and kidney problems, vision and hearing impairments)
2) NO other prominent symptoms like cognitive or behavioral problems
46
What 6 brain regions are most likely to be affected by prenatal alcohol exposure?
1) Corpus callosum
2) Hippocampus
3) Hypothalamus
4) Cerebellum
5) Basal ganglia
6) Frontal lobes
47
What are the 7 likely affects of prenatal exposure to cocaine?
1) Spontaneous abortion and stillbirth
2) High risk for SIDS (sudden infant death syndrome)
3) Seizures
4) Low birthweight
5) Reduced head circumference
6) Symptoms after birth - tremors, an exaggerated startle response, a high-pitched cry, sleep difficulties, feeding difficulties, developmental delays, irritability, and difficulty comforting
7) Long-term effects may include cognitive and behavior problems at least into early school years
48
What are the 5 likely affects of prenatal exposure to nicotine?
1) Placental abnormalities that can cause fetal death and stillbirth
2) Higher risk of SIDS
3) Low birthweight
4) Vulnerability to respiratory diseases
5) Possible socio-emotional disturbances and cognitive deficits
49
What are the 2 likely affects of prenatal exposure to lead?
Low birth weight and intellectual disability
50
What are the 5 stages of brain development?
1) Proliferation: New cells are produced inside the neural tube beginning when the embryo is about 2.5 weeks old.
2) Migration: Immature "neurons" migrate to their final destination and combine with other cells beginning at about 8 weeks.
3) Differentiation: Neurons develop axons and dendrites and start to look different from other cells.
4) Myelination: Glial cells form an insulating sheath around some axons. Much myelination occurs postnatally.
5) Synaptogenesis: The timing of synaptogenesis (formation of synapses) depends on the specific area of the brain, but most occurs postnatally. Synaptogenesis appears to be influenced by both endogenous (e.g., genetic) and exogenous (e.g., experience) factors
51
What are the 3 stages of prenatal development?
1) Germinal stage - weeks 1 & 2
2) Embryonic stage - weeks 3 - 8
2) Fetal stage - weeks 9+
52
What are the 4 likely affects of prenatal exposure to Rubella?
Infection during the 1st trimester is most likely to cause:
1) Heart defects
2) Blindness
3) Deafness
4) Intellectual disability
53
What are the 3 likely affects of prenatal exposure to Cytomegalovirus?
Congenital cytomegalovirus (CMV) occurs when CMV, a type of herpes virus, is passed through the placenta. Approximately 1% of all newborns are congenitally infected with CMV. Of these:
1) 20 - 30% die perinatally
2) 10% are born with symptoms (low birthweight, petechial rash, microencephaly, enlarged liver and spleen, retinal inflammation, and calcium deposits in the brain)
3) 10 - 15% are asymptomatic but later develop neurological symptoms (e.g., intellectual disability and hearing/vision impairments)
54
How can HIV be passed from parent to infant (3)?
During pregnancy, childbirth, or breastfeeding
55
What is the likelihood of transmitting HIV during pregnancy with and without drugs?
1) Without drugs, 20 - 30% chance of transmissions during pregnancy
2) With drugs, less than 1% during pregnancy
56
Without treatment, when do infants show symptoms of HIV infection (2)?
1) 20% of infected infants show symptoms within their first 2 years of life
2) 80% develop symptoms by age 3+
57
What are the first 5 signs of infant HIV infection?
1) Slowed growth and physical development
2) Increased susceptibility to bacterial infections
3) Oral candidiasis (fungal infection)
4) Immunologic abnormalities
5) Delayed physical and cognitive development
58
With treatment, what is the prognosis for infants infected with HIV?
With drug therapy (antiretroviral drugs plus antibiotics), up to 50% of infected infants survive beyond age 10, with many surviving until adolescence or young adulthood
59
What are the 7 likely affects of prenatal exposure to malnutrition?
1) Miscarriage
2) Stillbirth
3) Low birth weight
4) Suppressed immune system
5) Intellectual disability
6) Severe protein deficit in 3rd trimester is detrimental for neurogenesis, myelination, and neurotransmitters
7) Folic acid deficit can result in neural tube defect (spina bifida)
60
What are the likely affects of prenatal exposure to stress?
1) Miscarriage
2) Painful labor and premature delivery
3) Low birthweight
4) Hyperactive
5) Irritable
6) Irregular feeding, sleeping, and bowel habits
61
What is considered premature and what is the prognosis for premature infants?
An infant born less than 37 weeks is considered premature and prematurity is especially dangerous if the infant is less than 3.3 pounds.
With appropriate medical attention and a supportive environment, premature infants often catch up in terms of cognitive, language, and social skills by two or three years of age.
62
What are the 4 memory strategy milestones?
1) Preschoolers use memory strategies accidentally and ineffectively
2) Young grade schoolers use them better but get distracted by irrelevant information and do not generalize strategies
3) By age 9 or 10, children begin purposefully using memory strategies (first rehearsal, then organization, and finally elaboration)
4) In adolescence, strategies are used more effectively
Metacognition and metamemory begin during older childhood too.
63
What is object permanence and when does it develop?
Object permanent is the ability to know that objects continue to exist even when they can't be perceived
1) It develops during Piaget's sensorimotor stage and he thought it didn't develop until 8 months old
2) Research shows it develops ages 4 - 7 months old
64
What is horizontal decalage?
Piaget's used horizontal decalage to refer to the gradual acquisition of cognitive abilities within a specific stage of development. In other words, inconsistent performance in problems requiring the same cognitive abilities or the inability to apply a certain ability universally immediately.
65
What are are 2 forms of transductive reasoning?
1) Magical thinking - the belief that thinking about something will actually cause it to occur
2) Animism - the tendency to attribute human characteristics to inanimate objects
66
What is the nativist approach to language development?
The nativist approach attributes language acquisition to biological mechanisms and stresses universal patterns of language development. Chomsky (1968) proposed that an innate language acquisition device (LAD) makes it possible for a person to acquire language just by being exposed to it. Studies show that children master languages between the ages of 4 - 6 regardless of the complexity of their native language and that children from all cultures pass through the same stages of language development.
67
What is the behaviorist approach to language development?
The behaviorist approach proposes that language is acquired like any other behavior through imitation and reinforcement.
68
What is the interactionist approach to language development?
Interactionists regard language development to be attributable to a combination of biological and environmental factors (e.g., social interactions and child-directed speech)
69
In regards to language development, what does responding with an expansion mean?
An adult is responding with an expansion when they add to the child’s statement but retains the child’s word order – e.g., when a child says, “Mommy bye-bye” and her father responds, “Yes, Mommy is going bye-bye.”
70
In regards to language development, what does responding with an extension mean?
An adult is responding with an extension when they add information to the child’s statement – e.g., when a child says, “Mommy bye-bye” and her father responds, “Yes, Mommy is going to work now.”
71
What is semantic bootstrapping?
Semantic bootstrapping refers to a child’s use of his or her knowledge of the meaning of words to infer their syntactical (grammatical) category.
72
What is syntactic bootstrapping?
Syntactic bootstrapping refers to a child’s use of syntactical (grammar) knowledge to learn the meaning of new words.
Note that syntactic bootstrapping does not explain how children learn the precise meanings of words but only how children narrow the possible meanings of words.
73
What are the 8 stages of language development?
1) Crying (birth and 1/2 months)
2) Cooing (starting 6/8 weeks) and babbling (starting 4 months)
3) Echolalia and expressive jargon (9 months)
4) First word (10 - 15 months)
5) Telegraphic speech (18 - 24 months)
6) Vocabulary growth (18 - 36 months)
7) Grammatically correct sentences (2.5 - 5 years)
8) Metalinguistic awareness (6 - 7 years)
74
When is vocabulary growth the most rapid?
18 - 36 months
75
When does a child usually say their first word?
10 - 15 months
76
What age does echolalia and expressive jargon start?
9 months
77
What different cries does an infant make?
1) At birth, an infant makes 3 innate cries: basic/hunger cry, anger cry, and pain cry
2) By 1 or 2 months, an infant makes a fussy (irregular) cry.
78
What is cooing and when does it develop?
Cooing begins 6 - 8 weeks old and consists of mainly vowels
79
What is babbling and when does it develop?
Babbling begins by about 4 months old and involves the repetition of simple consonant and vowel sounds (bi-bi-bi)
80
When do babies narrow their repertoire of sounds to those of their native language?
By 9 - 14 months of age
81
What are the most likely first words for an infant?
Common first words include:
1) Nominals (particularly dynamic objects like cars or frequently use objects like spoon)
2) Labels for objects, people, or events (mama, dada)
Slightly less commonly first words include:
1) Action words (run)
2) Modifiers
3) Personal-social words (please)
82
What is holophrastic speech and when does it occur?
Holophrastic speech refers to the use of a single word to express a whole phrase or sentence (e.g., Cookie? = Can I have a cookie?)
Holophrastic speech occurs ages 1 - 2 years old.
83
What is telegraphic speech and when does it occur?
Telegraphic speech refers to stringing together 2 or 3 words to make a sentence (e.g., me go, more juice) and occurs by 18 - 24 months old.
84
What are the vocabulary milestones?
1) By 13 months = 50 understands words
2) 18 - 24 months = 300 - 400 words
3) By 36 months = 1,000 words
4) 2.5 - 5 years = 50+ new words a month
85
What does metalinguistic awareness mean and when does it develop?
Metalinguistic awareness is the ability to reflect on language as a tool and on themselves as language users. Children recognize that words are different from the concepts they represent and can use words humorously or metaphorically. Children develop metalinguistic awareness by 6 - 7 years old.
86
What is underextension?
Underextension occurs when a child applies a word too narrowly to objects or situations
87
What is overextension?
Overextension occurs when a child applies a word to a wider collection of objects or events than is appropriate
88
How does a child's age impact their response to divorce?
Preschoolers initially exhibit more problems than older children, probably because they are more likely to blame themselves and fear they will be abandoned by both parents, but older children exhibit worse long-term consequences (e.g., painful memories and fear they would have unsuccessful marriages themselves)
89
How does a child's gender impact their response to divorce?
Research shows a “sleeper effect” in which girls do not show negative consequences until adolescence when they develop noncompliant behavior, decreased self-esteem, and sexual promiscuity or as young adults, when they develop depression, anxiety, preoccupation with betrayal and abandonment, chose unstable husbands, or get divorced themselves.
90
What are the 3 stages of understanding death and when do they occur?
The 3 stages of understanding death include: nonfunctionally, irreversibility, and universality
1) 2 - 5 years: Children typically think of death as temporary/reversible (e.g., separation or abandonment)
2) 5 - 9 years: Children develop awareness of irreversibility but personify death and think they can escape it
3) By age 10: Children recognize death's nonfunctionally, irreversibility, and universality
91
What 3 facial expressions can infants express within the first 6 months of life?
1) Distress
2) Interest
3) Disgust
92
What additional facial expression do infants develop by 3-4 months old?
Sadness
93
What 4 facial expressions do infants develop by 6-8 months old?
1) Anger
2) Joy
3) Surprise
4) Fear
94
By age 2, what percentage of children daytime potty trained?
50%
