Miscellaneous Flashcards
(148 cards)
1
Q
from where is ACE secreted?
A
lungs
2
Q
from where is angiotensinogen secreted?
A
liver
3
Q
which 3 factors increase renin release?
A
baroreceptors in afferent arteriole
chemoreceptors (macula densa) detect Na levels
B1 adrenergic receptors detect adrenalin in response to fight and flight mechanism
4
Q
from where is renin released?
A
juxtaglomerular cells in kidney
5
Q
what affect does angiotensin 2 have to proximal convoluted tubules?
A
increases water retention
increases Na and Cl reabsorption
increases K excretion
6
Q
where in the nephron does angiotensin 2 primarily act to increase water retention?
A
proximal convoluted tubule
7
Q
where in the nephron does aldosterone primarily act to increase water retention?
A
distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct
8
Q
from where is aldosterone released?
A
zona glomerulosa of adrenal gland
9
Q
what type of hormones are secreted by zona glomerulosa of adrenal gland and which is the most common?
A
mineralocorticoids
aldosterone
10
Q
what affect does angiotensin2 have on posterior pituitary gland?
A
increases ADH secretion to increase water retention in collecting duct
11
Q
what affect does high systemic blood pressure have on renin release?
A
high BP = low renin
12
Q
what affect would a low systemic blood pressure have on aldosterone secretion?
A
low BP = high renin = high angiotensin 1&2 = high aldosterone
13
Q
what is reabsorbed in the proximal convoluted tubule? (7)
A
Na+ Cl- K+ glucose urea water amino acids
14
Q
what is reabsorbed in the descending loop of henle? (1)
A
water
15
Q
what is reabsorbed in ascending loop of henle? (3)
A
Na+
Cl-
K+
16
Q
what is the ascending limb impermeable to?
A
water
17
Q
what is reabsorbed in distal convoluted tubule? (6)
A
Na+ Cl- K+ Ca2+ Mg2+ HCO3-
18
Q
what is reabsorbed in collecting duct? (4)
A
Na+
Cl-
urea
H2O
19
Q
where does most sodium reabsorption happen in nephron?
A
PCT
20
Q
how does water reabsorption occur in collecting duct and by which hormone is it controlled?
A
aquaporin 2 transporters
ADH
21
Q
where does the majority of calcium reabsorption occur in nephron?
A
proximal convoluted tubule
22
Q
what is the difference between absorption and secretion in the kidneys?
A
abs- movement from nephron back into circulation
sec- movement from circulation back into nephron
23
Q
role of medulla oblongata
A
control centre for respiratory, cardiovascular and digestive functions
24
Q
role of pons
A
houses centres for respiration and inhibitory functions
25
function of cerebellum
motor coordination, balance, muscle tone
26
function of substansia nigra and its neurones
reward, addiction, movement
| dopaminergic neurones
27
which disease is characterised by a death in substantia nigra/ lack of dopamine?
parkinsons
28
what is the main function of the limbic system and why is it complicated?
emotion, behaviour, motivation, memory
| it is not anatomically distinct! it is a collection of functionally related nuclei
29
3 components of brainstem
medulla oblongata
midbrain
pons
30
what is the name of the bumps present on the anterior part of the midbrain?
cerebral peduncles
31
what is the name of the 4 bumps at the posterior of the midbrain?
superior and inferior colliculi
32
what are ganglia and what are nuclei, how are they different?
ganglia- groups of nerve cell bodies in PNS
nuclei- groups of nerve cell bodies in CNS
(PNS vs CNS)
33
what are 3 components of diencephalon?
pineal gland
thalamus
hypothalamus
34
what are the names given to the forebrain, midbrain and hindbrain?
prosencephalon
mesencephalon
rhombencephalon
35
what are the two divisions of the prosencephalon?
telencephalon
| diencephalon
36
what are the two divisions of the rhombencephalon?
myelencephalon
| metencephalon
37
what makes up the myelencephalon?
medulla oblongata
38
what makes up the metencephalon?
pons
| cerebellum
39
what makes up the mesencephalon?
midbrain
40
what makes up the diencephalon?
thalamus
hypothalamus
pineal gland
41
what structure lie in the telencephalon?
cerebral cortex
basal ganglia
limbic system
42
what is the name of the pair of round structure which are situated just above the midbrain?
thalami
43
by what structure are the thalami joined?
interthalamic adhesion
44
what small structure sits just below the thalami?
hypothalamus
45
what is the role of the thalamus?
sends and receives signals from the cortex
46
what are the cerebral hemispheres responsible for?
```
'higher functions'
thinking
memory
language
etc
```
47
what type of matter makes up inner and outer cortex?
outer- grey
| inner- white
48
what type of matter makes up the cerebral cortex and where is it found?
grey matter
| outer part of cerebrum
49
how many layers make up the cerebral cortex?
up to 6
50
name given to ridges and grooves on outer surface of cortex
ridges- gyri
| grooves- sulci
51
which lobe is located anterior to the central sulcus?
frontal
52
which lobe is located posterior to the central sulcus?
parietal lobe
53
which lobe lies inferior to the lateral sulcus?
temporal
54
which 2 structures make up the lentiform nucleus?
globus pallidus and putamen
55
what shape does the caudate nucleus look?
C shaped
56
where do the thalami sit in relation to the globus pallidus?
thalimi are medial to globus pallidus
57
role of hippocampus
memory formation
58
medially of which lobe does the hippocampus sit?
temporal lobe
59
what is the walnut shaped structure towards the end of the caudate nucleus?
amygdala
60
what are the ventricles in the brain remnants of?
neural tube
61
by what are the lateral ventricles of the brain connected to the third ventricle?
interventricular foramina
62
within which structure does the fourth ventricle lie?
pons
63
what connects the 3rd and 4th ventricles?
cerebral aqueduct
64
which structure makes up the walls of the 3rd ventricle?
thalamus
65
which 2 sets of arteries provide the blood source to the circle of willis?
vertebral arteries
| internal carotid arteries
66
from which artery does the internal carotid arise?
common carotid
67
from which artery does the vertebral artery arise?
subclavian
68
through which structures does the vertebral artery run to reach the brain?
transverse foramen of cervical vertebra
69
which 2 arteries in the circle of willis does the internal carotid artery split to form?
middle and anterior cerebral arteries
70
within which significant fissure does the middle cerebral artery run?
lateral sulcus
71
where does the medial longitudinal fissue run?
between the two cerebral hemispheres
72
within which significant fissure does the anterior cerebral artery run?
medial longitudinal fissure
73
from which artery does the ophthalmic arise and after which point?
arises from the internal carotid artery after cavernous sinus
74
union of which arteries forms the basilar artery?
two vertebral arteries
75
at what level do the vertebral arteries unite?
inferior aspect of pons
76
at what point does the basilar artery split and into what?
splits at midbrain into posterior cerebral arteries
77
from which artery do the superior cerebellar arteries branch?
basilar
78
which 3 pairs of arteries supply the cerebellum?
anterior inferior cerebellar
posterior inferior cerebellar
superior cerebellar
79
from which artery do the pontine arteries branch?
basilar
80
which nerves make up the roots of the brachial plexus?
C5-T1
81
which roots converge to form superior, middle and inferior trunks in the brachial plexus?
C5&C6-superior
C7-middle
C8&T1-inferior
82
how many divisions does each trunk give rise to and what are their names?
each trunk gives rise to 2 divisions: anterior and posterior
83
what is the sequence of divisions in the brachial plexus?
read those damn cadaver books
| roots, trunks, divisions, cords, branches
84
what are the names of the 3 cords of the brachial plexus?
lateral, posterior, medial
85
under which bone do the divisions of the brachial plexus lie?
clavicle
86
which 3 structures make up the posterior triangle of the neck?
sternocleidomastoid, clavicle, trapezius
87
between which muscles do the roots and trunks of the brachial plexus run?
anterior and middle scalene muscles
88
where in the testes does sperm production take place?
seminiferous tubules
89
where do the sperm mature?
epididymis
90
after the epididymis where do the sperm travel to?
vas deferens
91
how does the vas deferens propel sperm forward?
smooth muscle contractions
92
at which point are secretions from the seminal vesicle added to the sperm?
ampulla
93
what structure connects the vas deferens to the urethra?
ejaculatory duct
94
which two hormones act on the gonads to stimulate oestrogen and testosterone release?
FSH and LH
95
what is the first sign of puberty in boys?
testicular size
96
which cells produce testosterone?
leydig cells
97
which cells produce sperm?
sertoli cells
98
describe the pathway of sperm
```
seminiferous glands
rete testis
efferent ducts
epididymis
vas deferens
ampulla
ejaculatory duct
prostatic urethra
membranous urethra
penile urethra
```
99
what % of semen is secreted by seminal vesicle, prostate and bulbourethral gland?
60% seminal vesicle
30% prostatic
traces of bulbourethral gland
100
what are the 3 main components of prostate and seminal vesicle secretions?
- buffers to protect sperm
- chemicals to increase motility
- prostaglandins to stimulate peristaltic contractions
101
what is the purpose of buffers in the secretions of the prostate and seminal vesicle?
to protect sperm from acidic vaginal secretions
| to protect sperm from any residual urine
102
which ligament runs parallel to the inguinal canal?
inguinal ligament
103
what does the gubernaculum become in women?
round and ovarian ligmaments
104
what is the gubernaculum?
fibrous cord which attaches to gonads to guide their decent
105
what path do the testes follow when entering scrotum?
inguinal canal
106
what runs through the inguinal canal in males?
spermatic cord and ilioinguinal nerve
107
what runs through the inguinal canal in women?
round ligament
| ilioinguinal nerve
108
what makes up the anterior border of the inguinal canal?
external oblique
109
what does the pineal gland secrete?
melatonin
110
which part of the posterior pituitary gland secretes vasopressin?
supraoptic nucleus
111
which part of the posterior pituitary gland secretes oxytocin?
paraventricular nucleus
112
what affects does vasopressin have ?
```
fluid retention (kidneys)
vasoconstriction
```
113
what 3 effects does oxytocin have?
milk ejection in response to suckling
uterine contractions pre birth
onset of labour
114
what are the 6 hormones secreted by the anterior pituitary gland?
```
FSH
LH
GH
ACTH
TSH
PROLACTIN
```
115
where are FSH and LH produced?
gonadotrophs in anterior pituitary
116
where is GH secreted?
somatotrophs in anterior pituitary
117
where is ACTH secreted?
corticotrophs in anterior pituitary
118
where is TSH secreted?
thyrotrophs in anterior pituitary
119
where is prolactin secreted?
lactotrophs in anterior pituitary
120
what affect do LH and FSH have?
germ cell development
121
what affect does GH have?
stimulates protein synthesis and growth
122
what affect does ACTH have?
stimulates cortisol release from zona fascicultata of adrenal cortex
123
what affect does TSH have?
stimulate T3 and T4 production in thyroid
124
what affect does prolactin have?
stimulates breast and milk development
125
name 6 of the hormones inhibited by somatostatin
```
GH
glucagon
insulin
gastrin
secretin
histamine
prolactin
TSH
```
126
which 4 cell types make up islets of Langerhans and what do each secrete?
a cells glucagon
b cells insulin
d cells somatostatin
pp cells pancreatic polypeptide
127
what does TRH from hypothalamus stimulate release of?
TSH from thyrotrophs in anterior pituitary gland
128
what affect do the following have on LH&FSH?
high oestrogen
low oestrogen
both progesterone and oestrogen
high oestrogen -stimulates LH&FSH
low oestrogen inhibits LH&FSH
oestrogen and progesterone inhibits LH&FSH
129
which hormone is affected by dopamine release from the hypothalamus?
dopamine inhibits prolactin
130
what affect does inhibin have on FSH and LH?
inhibits FSH
| no affect on LH
131
what affect does testosterone have on GnRH?
inhibits
132
what does GnRH stimulate release of?
LH and FSH
133
which hormone from hypothalamus stimulates GH release?
GHRH
134
Which arteries supply thyroid gland?
superior and inferior thyroid arteries
135
which gland controls thyroid secretions?
pituitary
136
what substance is within follicles of thyroid gland?
thyroglobulin
137
what do follicular cells secrete?
T3&T4
138
what do c cells of thyroid secrete?
calcitonin
139
what is another name for parafollicular cells?
c cells
140
what are a few functions of T3?
Metabolism, neural development, temp regulation, gene transcription
141
which nerve supplies adrenal glands?
splanchnic nerve
142
which arteries supply adrenal glands?
superior middle and inferior adrenal arteries
143
what are the 3 zones of the adrenal cortex and what do they secrete?
zona glomerulosa- mineralocorticoids e.g. aldosterone
zona fasciculata- glucocorticoids e.g. cortisol
zona reticularis- androgens
144
what does the adrenal medulla secrete?
adrenlin and noradrenalin
145
from which pharyngeal pouches are the superior and inferior lobes of the parathyroid gland derived?
superior- 4th
| inferior- 3rd
146
what 3 cell types are present in parathyroid gland?
adipose cells
chief cells
oxyphil cells
147
which 3 ways does PTH act?
increases bone resorption
increases calcium reabsorption in kidneys
increases vitamin d synthesis hence absorption of calcium in gi tract
148
what hormone is released from peritubular cells of kidneys and what is its purpose?
erythropoietin
| red blood cell maturation
