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1
Q

3 characteristics of primary bone

A

newly formed
poorly organised
intramembranous or endochondrial (origin of mesenchyme or hyaline cartilage)

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2
Q

4 characteristics of secondary bone

A

result of remodelling
well organised
compact
organised into osteons when thick

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3
Q

4 steps of intramembranous bone formation

A
  1. mesenchymal condensation/proliferation
  2. osteoprogenitor cell differentiation
  3. osteoblast
  4. osteocyte
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4
Q

7 steps of endochondrial bone formation

A
  1. cartilage precursor
  2. collar of bone forms around shaft
  3. blood vessels penetrate
  4. primary ossification centre formed centrally
  5. secondary ossification centre formed at edges
  6. epiphyseal growth plates form from both centres
  7. fusion of growth plates
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5
Q

what affect does growth hormone have on bone?

A

stimulates epiphyseal cartilage growth

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6
Q

what condition in adults is a result of excess growth hormone?

A

acromegaly

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7
Q

what affect do sex hormones have on bone?

A

stimulate growth

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8
Q

what is modelling?

A

bone added to or taken away in growth and repair

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9
Q

what is remodelling??

A

replacing old bone with new bone

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10
Q

what are the functions of the skeleton? (6)

A 
transmits body weight
houses bone marrow
mineral store (magnesium, calcium, phosphate)
determines body shape
allows movement
protects vital structures
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11
Q

what are the 5 categories of bone classification by shape? (give example for each)

A 
long- humerus
short- carpals of wrist
flat- skull bones
sesamoid-patella
irregular- vertebra
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12
Q

what are the two types of macro bone structure and their characteristics?

A

compact/cortical
-dense, solid, little space (except blood vessels and cells)
trabecular/spongy
-network, bone marrow, provides support while minimising mass

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13
Q

what are the two types of micro bone structure and their characteristics?

A

woven
-made quickly, disorganised, no clear structure
lamellar
-made slowly, organised, layered structure

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14
Q

what are the 3 main components of bone?

A

mineral, water, organic matrix

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15
Q

what purpose does the mineral component of bone serve and what does it consist of?

A

provides stiffness

hydroxyapatite, calcium phosphate

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16
Q

what purpose does the organic matrix of bone serve and what does it consist of?

A

provides elasticity

type 1 collagen, non-collagenous proteins

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17
Q

where is type 1 collagen found?

A

bone, skin, ligaments, tendons, vasculature

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18
Q

where is type 2 collagen found?

A

cartilage

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19
Q

where is type 3 collagen found?

A

reticulate

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20
Q

where is type 4 collagen found?

A

basement membranes

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21
Q

where is type 5 collagen found?

A

hair, placenta, cell surface

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22
Q

by what type of enzyme is collagen broken down? give 2 examples

A

proteinases e.g. collagenases and cathepsin K

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23
Q

in which 3 locations within the body is calcium stored?

A

blood, bone, extracellular

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24
Q

in which 3 ways is calcium stored/transported in the blood?

A

ionised calcium
complex calcium (with phosphate or citrate)
protein bound

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25
what are the uses of ionised calcium in the body?
muscle contractions nerve action blood clotting
26
which 3 hormones are involved in calcium and phosphate regulation?
calcitonin, vitamin D, parathyroid hormone
27
from where is PTH secreted?
parathyroid gland
28
how many parathyroid glands do humans have and where are they located?
four | back of the neck, behind thyroid gland
29
from where are the parathyroid glands derived embryologically?
3rd and 4th pharyngeal pouches
30
from which arteries do the parathyroid glands receive their supply?
superior and inferior thyroid arteries
31
from which artery does the superior thyroid artery branch?
external carotid artery
32
from which artery does the inferior thyroid artery receive its blood supply?
subclavian artery (via thyrocervical trunk)
33
In which three places does parathyroid hormone act to increase calcium plasma levels?
kidney, GI tract, bone
34
what is vitamin d converted to in the liver?
25 hyroxyvitamin D
35
what is the activated form of vitamin d?
1, 25 dihydroxyvitamin D
36
which enzyme activates vitamin D and where is it located?
1 a hydroxylase in kidneys
37
what affect does increase in calcitonin have on plasma calcium levels?
decreases plasma calcium levels
38
from which cells is calcitonin secreted?
c cells in thyroid gland
39
to which cells in bone does parathyroid hormone bind?
osteoblasts
40
what affect does parathyroid hormone have on bone?
binds to osteoblasts causing proliferation and activation of preosteoclasts
41
what affect does calcitriol have on kidneys?
stimulates reabsorption of calcium from proximal convoluted tubules
42
what affect does calcitriol have on GI tract?
increases absorption of calcium and phosphate
43
what is another name for calcitriol?
1, 25 dihydroxy vitamin D
44
what affect does calcitriol have on bone?
increases resorption (calcium and phosphate released into plasma)
45
what affect does calcitriol have on parathyroid gland?
NEGATIVE feedback | causes a decrease in secretion of parathyroid hormone
46
characteristics of skeletal muscle
long, unbranched, multinucleated, voluntary, striated
47
which type of filament is present in A band?
both actin and myosin
48
which type of filament is present in I band?
just actin
49
which type of filament is present at Z line?
just actin
50
which type of filament is present at M line?
just myosin
51
how are fibres, filaments, fascicles and myofibrils arranged in muscle?
filaments (thick and thin) are arranged in sarcomeres, many sarcomeres make up a myofibril, many myofibrils make up a muscle fibre. endomysium surrounds muscle fibres which are grouped together with a layer of perimysium to form a fascicle. multiple fascicles encapsulated by epimysium make up a muscle.
52
characteristics of smooth muscle
uninucleate, unstriated, unbranched, involuntary
53
characteristics of cardiac muscle
branched, intercalated discs,
54
3 functions of joints
weight bearing, allow movement, distribute load evenly to other bone
55
3 types of joint
cartilaginous, synovial, fibrous
56
which type of joint is most mobile and which is least?
synovial most movement cartilaginous fibrous- least movement
57
give two examples of cartilaginous joints
pubic symphysis, ribs and costal cartilages
58
give two examples of fibrous joints
root of teeth, tibiofibular
59
what are the 6 types of synovial joint? (with example)
``` ball and socket- shoulder hinge- knee saddle- carpal metacarpal of thumb condylar- radiocarpal joint of wrist pivot- atlas and axis vertebra plane- acromioclavicular joint ```
60
what are the 5 components of a synovial joint?
``` articular cartilage (hyaline) joint capsule synovial cavity synovial fluid reinforcing ligaments ```
61
characteristics of articular cartilage in synovial joints
``` almost frictionless high water content withstands compression low cell content no blood supply ```
62
what are the 3 types of cartilage?
fibro, hyaline, elastic
63
what are 4 components of cartilage?
water, proteoglycans, type 2 collagen, ions

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