Miscellaneous Antimicrobial Agents 50

Question 1

a nitroimidazole antiprotozoal drug that also has potent antibacterial activity against anaerobes, including Bacteroides and Clostridium species. It is selectively absorbed by anaerobic bacteria and sensitive protozoa

Answer 1

Metronidazole

Question 2

Is indicated for treatment of anaerobic or mixed intro-abdominal infections, vaginitis, clostridium difficile infection and brain abscess.

Answer 2

Metronidazole

Question 3

A structurally similar agent to metronidazole that is taken once-daily for treatment of trichomonas infection, giardiasis, amebiasis and bacterial vaginosis

Answer 3

Tinidazole

Question 4

a narrow-spectrum, macrocyclic antibiotic that is active against Gram-positive aerobes and anaerobes but lacks activity against Gram-negative bacteria.

Answer 4

Fidaxomicin

Question 5

Inhibits bacterial protein synthesis by binding to the sigma subunit of RNA polymerase

Answer 5

Fidaxomicin

Question 6

Has been approved by the FDA for the treatment of C difficile infection

It is effective as oral vancomycin and may be associated with lower rates of relapsing disease

Answer 6

Fidaxomicin

Question 7

a derivative of rifampin. It is active against Gram- positive and Gram-negative aerobes and anaerobes

Answer 7

Rifaximin

Question 8

inhibits bacterial protein synthesis by binding to the beta sub- unit of DNA-dependent RNA polymerase.

Answer 8

Rifaximin

Question 9

__ was originally approved by the FDA for the treatment of travelers’ diarrhea, and it is now used in the management of hepatic encephalopathy, irritable bowel syndrome with diarrhea, and, occasionally, as an adjunct in case of recurrent or refractory C difficile infection in adults

Answer 9

Rifaximin

Question 10

(pseudomonic acid) is a natural substance produced by Pseudomonas fluorescens. It is available as an ointment for topical application

Answer 10

Mupirocin

Question 11

inhibits staphylococcal isoleucyl tRNA synthetase

Answer 11

Mupirocin

Question 12

____ is indicated for topical treatment of minor skin infections such as impetigo

Answer 12

Mupirocin

Question 13

group of basic peptides active against Gram- negative bacteria and include polymyxin B and polymyxin E (colistin).

Answer 13

Polymyxins

Question 14

act as cationic detergents. They attach to and disrupt bacterial cell membranes. They also bind and inacti- vate endotoxin.

Answer 14

Polymyxins

Question 15

Are oral agents that exert antibacterial activity in the urine but have little or no systemic antibacterial effect

Answer 15

Urinary antiseptics

Question 16

Antibacterial activity appears to correlate with rapid intracellular conversion of ______ to highly reactive inter- mediates by bacterial reductases. These intermediates react non- specifically with many ribosomal proteins and disrupt metabolic processes and the synthesis of proteins, RNA, and DNA

Answer 16

Nitrofurantoin

Question 17

Dosage of nitrofurantoin for UTI is?

Answer 17

100mg orally / 4 times daily

Question 18

This drug should not be used to treat upper urinary tract infections. It is desirable to keep urinary pH below 5.5, which greatly enhances drug activity.

Answer 18

Nitrofurantoin

Question 19

Is the salt of mandelic acid and methenamine and possesses properties of both urinary antiseptics

Answer 19

Methenamine mandelate

Question 20

is the sale of hippuric acd and methenamine.

Answer 20

Methenamine hippurate

Question 21

Below pH 5.5, methenamine releases ______ which is antibacterial

Answer 21

Formaldehyde

Question 22

Methenamine ____, 1g four times daily, or methenamine _____, 1g twice daily by mouth is used only AS A URINARY ANTISEPTIC TO PREVENT, NOT TREAT, asymptomatic urinary tract infections

Answer 22

Mandelate
Hippurate

Question 23

Methenamine mandelate, 1 g four times daily, or methenamine hippurate, 1 g twice daily by mouth is used only as a urinary antiseptic to prevent, not treat, _____

Answer 23

Symptomatic urinary tract infections

Question 24

are chemical agents or physical procedures that inhibit or kill microorganisms

Answer 24

Disinfectants

Question 25

are dis- infecting chemical agents with sufficiently low toxicity for host cells that they can be used directly on skin, mucous membranes, or wounds.

Answer 25

Antiseptics

Question 26

kill both vegetative cells and spores when applied to materials for appropriate times and temperatures

Answer 26

Sterilants

Question 27

Prevents infections by reducing the number of potentially infective organisms by killing, removing or diluting them.

Answer 27

Disinfections

Question 28

_______ can be accomplished by application of chemi- cal agents or use of physical agents such as ionizing radiation, dry or moist heat, or superheated steam (autoclave, 120°C) to kill microorganisms.

Answer 28

Disinfection

Question 29

the most important means of pre- venting transmission of infectious agents from person to person or from regions of high microbial load, eg, mouth, nose, or gut, to potential sites of infection.

Answer 29

Hang hygiene

Question 30

What are the two most frequently used alcohols or antisepsis and disinfection

Answer 30

Enthanol and isopropyl alcohol (isopropanol)

Question 31

Alcohols rapidly kill?

Answer 31

Vegetative bacteria, mycobacterium,TB and many fungi

Question 32

Application of an agent to living tissue for the purpose of preventing infection

Answer 32

Antisepsis

Question 33

Process that produces marked reduction in number of activity of microorganisms

Answer 33

Decontamination

Question 34

Chemical or physical treatment that destroys most vegetative microbes and viruses, but not spores, in or on inaminate surfaces

Answer 34

Disinfection

Question 35

Reduction of microbial load on an inanimate surface to a level considered acceptable or public health purposes

Answer 35

Sanitization

Question 36

A process intended to kill or remove all types of microorganisms, including spored, and usually viruses, with an acceptably low probability of their survival

Answer 36

Sterilization

Question 37

A process that kills nonsporulating microorganism by how water or steam at 65-100C

Answer 37

Pasteurization

Question 38

a cationic biguanide with very low water solubility.

Answer 38

Chlorhexidine

Question 39

in a 1:20,000 solution is bactericidal in 1 minute and kills spores in 15 minutes. It is the most active antiseptics for intact skin

Answer 39

Iodine

Question 40

Are complexes of iodine with a surface-active agent such as polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP; povidone-iodine). Can be used as antiseptics or disinfectants They are less irritating and less likely o produce skin hypersensitivity than tincture of iodine

Answer 40

Iodophors

Question 41

a strong oxidizing agent and universal disinfectant that is commonly provided as a 5.25% sodium hypochlorite solution, a typical formulation for household bleach.

Answer 41

Chlorine

Question 42

Alternative chlorine releasing compounds

Answer 42

Chlorine dioxide and chloramine-T

Question 43

( The oldest of the surgical antiseptics) is no longer used even as a disinfectant because of its corrosive effect on tissue

Answer 43

Phenol

Question 44

bactericidal action of ________ has been attributed to inactivation of energy-producing enzymes, denaturation of proteins, and disruption of the cell membrane

Answer 44

Quaternary compounds

Question 45

bind to the surface of colloidal protein in blood, serum, and milk and to the fibers in cotton, mops, cloths, and paper towels used to apply them, which can cause inactivation of the agent by removing it from solution.

Answer 45

Quaternary ammonium compounds

Question 46

What inhibits quaternary ammonium compounds?

Answer 46

Soaps, nonionic detergents, calcium, magnesium, ferric and aluminum ions

Question 47

used for disinfection or sterilization of instruments such as fiberoptic endoscopes, respira- tory therapy equipment, hemodialyzers, and dental instruments that cannot withstand exposure to the high temperatures of steam sterilization.

Answer 47

Formaldehyde and glutaraldehyde

Question 48

A potential carcinogen and has established an employee exposure standard that limits the 8-hour time weighted average exposure to 0.75ppm

Answer 48

Formaldehyde

Question 49

a phenolic dialdehyde chemi- cal sterilant with a spectrum of activity comparable to glutaralde- hyde, although it is several times more rapidly bactericidal.

Answer 49

Ortho-phthalaldehyde (OPA)

Question 50

basic method for sterilizing instruments and other heat-resistant materials.

Answer 50

pressurized steam (autoclaving) at 120°C for 30 minutes

Question 51

are used as preservatives to prevent the over- growth of bacteria and fungi in pharmaceutical products, laboratory sera and reagents, cosmetic products, and contact lenses.

Answer 51

Disinfectants

Question 52

Commonly used preservative agents include organic acids such as?

Answer 52

Benzoic acid and salts, parabens, sorbic acid and salts phenolic compounds, quater- nary ammonium compounds, alcohols, and mercurials