miscellaneuos essay plans Flashcards
Be quick with essays (20 cards)
What is meant by African American political rights
- Right to vote
- Participation
- Representation
What is meant by African American economic rights
- Job opportunities
- Wages
- Emerging middle-class/ Access to skilled professions
What is meant by African American social rights
- Racism and racial violence (Inc. lynchings)
- Segregation (de jure and de facto)
- Mass media and white support
- AA culture
What is meant by Native American political rights
- Control of land and reservations
- Tribal sovereignty
- Citizenship
- Activism and campaigning
What is meant by Native American economic/land rights
- Land
- Job opportunities and training
- enterprise and innovation
What is meant by Native American social rights
- Perceptions and racism
- Religious freedoms
- Assimilation and acceptance
- Social effects of reservation policy
What is meant by Women’s political rights
- Right to vote (Inc. ability to vote independently)
- Political representation
- Political particpation/ activism on issues such as temperance, ERA, etc.
What is meant by Women’s economic rights
- Job opportunities
- Equal Pay
- Access to skilled professions
What is meant by Women’s social rights
- Reproductive rights
- Perceptions/ Expectations
- Separate spheres and cult of domesticity
What is meant by Trade Union’s right to exist and membership
- Formal recognition by government and employers
What is meant by Trade Union’s Right to strike
- Inc. willingness to and reaction to strikes
What is meant by Workers’ Rights
- Wages
- Working hours
- Workers’ safety
- Health insurance
- Fringe benefits
- Right to collectively bargain for these rights
Assess the View that Presidents helped rather than hindered AACRs (Would focus on Helped rather than hindered if question worded like this)
Political:
Help:
1. Roosevelt- Civil Rights section of the Justice department + 45 AAs to administrative positions
2. Carter- More minority appointments than prior pres. + 37 black federal judges
3. LBJ- Unity of pro-rights coalition + 1967 Thurgood Marshall to SC
4. Truman- Civil rights committee- Abolition of poll taxes
Hinder:
1. Hayes- Compromise of 1877
2. Wilson- Racist + Dismissed all black advisors
3. Reagan- 2% of judicial appointments were black
4. Johnson- Opposed Reconstruction legislation
J: Generally did little for AA political rights
Social:
Help:
1. Truman- CR committee on lynching, etc. + Exec order 9981
2. Roosevelt- Arthur Mitchell + ignored jim crow tradition
3. Eisenhower- 1957 Little Rock
4. Grant- 1871 KKK act
Hinder:
1. Wilson- encouraged segregation
2. Eisenhower- Refused to speak out Emmet Till 1955
3. Roosevelt- Anti-lynching bill 1935
4. Johnson- Vetoed bill for Freedman’s Bureau
5. Bush- Backed 1990 Crime Control Act
J: More sympathetic towards the end of the period
Economic:
Help:
1. Roosevelt- New Deal
2. Nixon- AA + 1969 Philadelphia Plan + Equal Opportunity Act 1972
Hinder:
1. Reagan- Welfare cuts + Opposed AA
2. Johnson’s amnesties 1865-69
(Constant changing of Presidents meant ST impact)
J: Progress towards the end of the period
Assess the view AA civil rights leaders were the most important factor in the progression of AACRs
Political:
1. AA Activists (1)- Thurgood Marshall + MLK and Randolph’s march on Washington + Selma + Jesse Jackson. BUT: Black Power and Black Panthers
2. Federal Government- 1965 VRA + Reconstruction legislation + Presidential appointments + 1944 Smith vs. Allwright. BUT: Relied on AA activism to push for change + Johnson, Reagan, Wilson + Voting restrictions
3. Economy/ War- WW1 and Emmett Scott + WW2 and NAACP membership and catalyst for CRM. BUT: Vietnam War and federal funds
J: Activism more consistent across period
Social:
1. AA Activists (1)- MLK and Birmingham + Du Bois and NAACP + Malcolm X + CORE + SNCC
2. Federal Government- CRA 1957, 1960, 1964 + Brown vs. Board 1954 + deseg. in 1960s. BUT: Gilded Age SC decisions + Minimal role 1877-1914
3. Economy/ War- WW1 + WW2 as catalyst for CRM and feelings pre and post-war towards serving with AAs and Truman exec. order 9981
J: Most decisions came after periods of activism
Economic:
1. AA Activists- Randolph and BSCP + Booker T and businesses + Garvey and UNIA + Jackson and 1981 Coca Cola boycott. BUT: Generally relied on Presidents and white sympathy
2. Federal Government (1)- Roosevelt’s New Deal + Nixon’s AA + Giggs vs. Duke 1971. BUT: Reagan + Johnson
3. Economy/ War- WW1 and great migration and wages + WW2 and jobs. (More important as WW2 triggered CRM). BUT: Economic downturn highlighted the importance of the fed (New Deal and GD, 1950s structural change)
J: Activists often used economy and war as an excuse for protest and relied on Federal sympathy
Conc: AA Activists most important
Assess the view that Booker T Washington was the most important CR leader for AACRs
Methods/ Successes:
- Booker T- Tuskegee Institute + National Negro Business League 1900. BUT: Atlanta + coincided with Jim Crow
- MLK- Media + NVDA + Birmingham, Washington, Selma. BUT: Albany 1961, Chicago 1966
- Malcolm X- Focus on soc/econ + Free Breakfast. BUT: No notable successes
Popularity:
- Booker T- Bonds from Carnegie + Quote. BUT: Criticism + Sensitive + Overshadowed by Garvey (4 mil in UNIA)
- Jackson- 1984 + 1988 for Democrats + 12% of electorate AAs. BUT: Lacked originality
- MLK- 250,000 for Washington 1963 + Leader after Montgomery 1955-56. BUT: Vietnam War 1967
Support from the Fed:
- Booker T- Relationship with T. Roosevelt + Taft + Moderate approach. BUT: Wilson 1913 + Failure of legislation
- MLK- Johnson and CRA 1964, VRA 1965. BUT: Alienated Johnson 1967 with Vietnam
- Randolph- Roosevelt 1941 Exec. Order + Truman 1948 Exec. Order. BUT: Lacked legislative gains
Conc:
- King most important
- Replicated tactics of Randolph
- Garvey + Jackson gained more followers
- Washington and Du Bois coincided with Jim Crow and dominance of Social Darwinism
Assess the view that internal divisions were the most important factor hindering the development of trade union rights
Membership and right to exist: 1. Internal Divisions (1) 2. Federal Government (2) 3. Economy (3) J: Inteneral divisions persisted throughout the period + Fed Gov was "laissez-faire" not directly hindering
Right to Strike 1. Internal Divisions (3) 2. Federal Government (1) 3. Economy (2) J: Whilst internal divisions provided scab labour, Fed. used many other injunctions to end strikes
Workers' Rights : 1. Internal Divisions (3) 2. Economy (1) 3. Federal Government (2) J: Fed Gov was only able to benefit workers with a thriving economy + Internal divisions had little impact
Conc: Fed Gov.
Assess the view that World wars were the most important factor in the progression of trade union rights
Membership and right to exist:
1. World Wars
2. Fed Gov (1)- Wagner Act (TU membership from 3.7 million in 1933 to 9 million by 1941 and 14.8 million by 1945)
3. Actions of TUs
J: Actions of TUs generally meant nothing without a sympathetic Fed Gov and employers rarely supported TUs
Right to Strike 1. World Wars 2. Fed Gov (1) 3. Actions of TUs J: Fed Gov used war to prevent strike action + Strike action most significant in post-war periods + with sympathetic gov for strikes. Fed gov most important because it only prevented strike action to protect war industries + Strike failures in the period of early industrialisation epitomise the importance of the federal government as without legal foundations, little progress could be achieved
Workers’ Rights :
1. World Wars- Benefits came with reduced strike activity. BUT: Post-war backlash
2. Fed Gov (1)
3. Actions of TUs
J: Fed Gov. clearly most important with the passage of equal wages and enhanced workers conditions + Postwar backlash hindered progress from wars + actions of TUs were specific and minimal
Conc: Fed Gov most significant as examples of greatest progression came through federal policies and not wars or TU activity
- Unions themselves did little to help their cause as a result of the violence used and the frequent anti-union stance of the government
- The government played the key role: but unintentionally: legislation was created in emergencies (e.g. 1930s and wartime, or in the CRs campaign). Many Presidents followed the message which Coolidge portrayed: “business in America is business, and business knows best”
To what extent was the acquisition of US Citizenship in 1924 the most significant TP in the development of NACRs?
Political:
- Citizenship Act of 1924
- AIM and Nixon (60s and 70s) (1)
- Dawes Act/ Gilded Age
Social:
- Citizenship Act of 1924
- AIM and Nixon (60s and 70s) (1)
- New Deal and IRA
Economic:
- Citizenship Act of 1924
- AIM and Nixon (60s and 70s) (1)
- Reagan era
Was the gaining the vote in federal elections in 1920 the most important turning point for women’s civil rights?
Political:
- 19th Amendment/ 1920s (1)
- 2nd Wave Feminism 1970s - 1992
- Gilded Age
Economic:
- 19th Amendment/ 1920s
- the 1950s and 60s (1)
- New Deal and WW2
Social/ Reproductive
- 19th Amendment/ 1920s
- 2nd Wave Feminism 1970s - 1992
- the 1950s and 60s (1)
Conc: 50s/60s most important
Assess the view that the Economy/ Technology was the most important factor advancing Women’s civil rights
Reproductive:
1. Economy/ Technological advancements- Pill (1)
2. Federal government- SC cases
3. Women’s Activism- ABCL + NOW
J: Economy more important because more women used the pill than accessed abortions. 10 million by 1992 compared to 1.4 million abortions accessed by 1991
Political:
- Economy
- Women’s Activism (1)
- Federal government
Economic:
- Economy
- Federal Government
- Women’s Activism
- War (1)
J: Women’s activists and groups most important
