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C3 Cell Structure > Mitosis > Flashcards

Mitosis Flashcards

1
Q

What does mitosis produce?

A

2 daughter cells that have the same number of chromosomes as the parent cell.

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2
Q

What does meiosis produce?

A

4 daughter cells, each with half the number of chromosomes of the parent cell.

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3
Q

What do daughter cells have in mitosis?

A

An exact copy of DNA from the parent cell.

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4
Q

What happens during interphase?

A

Organelles double, the cell grows and DNA replicates.

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5
Q

What is the centromere?

A

The centre where 2 chromatids are joined.

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6
Q

What are the 4 stages of mitosis?

A

Prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase and cytokinesis.

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7
Q

What happens to the chromosomes in prophase?

A

They first become visible as long thin threads.

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8
Q

What are centrioles?

A

Cylindrical organelles.

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9
Q

What happens to the centrioles in prophase?

A

They move to opposite poles of the cell.

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10
Q

What develops from centrioles?

A

Spindle fibres.

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11
Q

What do the spindle fibres do in prophase?

A

Span the cell from pole to pole.

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12
Q

What are spindle fibres collectively called?

A

Spindle apparatus.

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13
Q

What happens to the nucleus in prophase?

A

The nucleolus disappears and the nuclear envelope breaks down.

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14
Q

What happens to the chromosomes after the nuclear envelope breaks down in prophase?

A

They are left free in the cytoplasm.

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15
Q

What are the chromosomes drawn to the equator of the cell by?

A

The spindle fibres attached to the centromere.

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16
Q

What are the chromosomes seen as in metaphase?

A

Chromatids.

17
Q

What is each chromatid?

A

An identical copy of DNA from the parent cell.

18
Q

What is attached to the centromere in metaphase?

A

Some microtubules from the poles.

19
Q

What happens to the chromosomes in metaphase?

A

They are pulled along the spindle apparatus and arrange themselves across the equator of the cell.

20
Q

What happens to the centromeres in anaphase?

A

They divide into two.

21
Q

What happens to the spindle fibres in anaphase?

A

They pull the individual chromatids of the chromosome apart.

22
Q

What happens to the chromatids in anaphase?

A

They move rapidly to their opposite poles of the cell, and are then referred to as chromosomes.

23
Q

Where is the energy for the process in anaphase from?

A

Mitochondria.

24
Q

Where do the mitochondria needed gather in anaphase?

A

Around the spindle fibres.

25
Q

What happens if cells are treated with chemicals in anaphase?

A

The spindle fibres are destroyed and the chromosomes remain at the equator, unable to reach their poles.

26
Q

What happens to the chromosomes in telophase?

A

They reach their poles and become longer and thinner, finally disappearing and leaving only widely spread chromatin.

27
Q

What happens to the spindle fibres in telophase?

A

They disintegrate.

28
Q

What re-forms in telophase?

A

The nuclear envelope and nucleolus.

29
Q

What happens in cytokinesis?

A

The cytoplasm divides.

30
Q

What does cell division in prokaryotic cells take place by?

A

Binary fission.

31
Q

What is the first stage of binary fission in prokaryotic cells?

A

The circular DNA molecule replicates and both copies attach to the cell membrane, plasmids also replicate.

32
Q

What happens in the second stage of binary fission in prokaryotic cells?

A

The cell membrane begins to grow and pinch inward between the two DNA molecules, dividing the cytoplasm into two.

33
Q

What happens in the last stage of binary fission in prokaryotic cells?

A

A new cell wall forms between the two DNA molecules, dividing the original cell into two daughter cells, each with a single copy of DNA and copies of plasmids.

34
Q

Why can’t viruses undergo cell division?

A

They are non-living.

35
Q

How do viruses replicate?

A

By attaching to their host cell with the attachment proteins on their surface.

36
Q

What do viruses inject into their host cell?

A

Their nucleic acid.

37
Q

What is on the injected nucleic acid from a virus?

A

The genetic information.

38
Q

What does the genetic info on the nucleic acid from a virus provide?

A

The instructions for the host cells metabolic processes to start producing the viral components, nucleic acid, enzymes and structural proteins, to then be assembled into new viruses.

39
Q

What is mitosis essential for?

A

Growth, repair and reproduction.

C3 Cell Structure (6 decks)

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