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Honors Biology > Mitosis and Meiosis > Flashcards

Mitosis and Meiosis Flashcards

Cells and the cell cycle

1
Q

What is the reproduction of offspring from one parent?

A

Asexual

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2
Q

Describe binary fission?

A

One cell splits into two

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3
Q

How do cells divide in budding?

A

They split unequally

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4
Q

Some plants reproduce by using runners? What type of reproduction is this?

A

Vegetative Propagation

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5
Q

What is regeneration? Which animals do this?

A

Growing of another limb

Starfish, lizards, tadpoles

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6
Q

What is a gamete?

A

Male or female sex cell

sperm or egg

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7
Q

What is produces when an egg and sperm are fused

A

zygote

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8
Q

What does each daughter cell contain as a result of mitosis?

A

Same number of chromosomes

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9
Q

What is the time between mitosis called?

A

Interphase

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10
Q

What are chromatids?

A

short thick rods that are a single strand of chromosomes

outside the nucleus

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11
Q

What holds chromosomes together?

A

centromere:middle of chromosomes

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12
Q

What process follows mitosis?

A

cytokinesis

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13
Q

Where is the cell plate formed?

A

Plant cell during telophase. In between two plant cells when they start to separate. Cell plant then turns into cell wall

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14
Q

Which process prevents the doubling of chromosomes?

A

meiosis

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15
Q

What are the spots of the cell cycle and what is happening in each step?

A

-Interphase: cell doubles in size
-Prophase:Chromosomes find a pair
-Metaphase:they line up in the middle
-Anaphase: they pull the chromosomes apart
-Telophase: pinching of the nucleus can form cell if it is an animal cell. Plant cell produces cell plate
IPMATC

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16
Q

Meiosis actually does what to chromosomes of body cells?

A

splits them in half

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17
Q

How many chromosomes are in a human sex cell?

A

23

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18
Q

What is a homologous chromosomes?

A

Homologous chromosomes: when the one chromosomes pair. pairs with another chromosomes pair. Same chromosomes with genes of the same traits in the same order

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19
Q

What is a polar body?

A

Polar body: when a female cell during meiosis receives little or no cytoplasm

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20
Q

Which type of reproduction increases variation?

A

sexual reproduction

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21
Q

One of the main reasons that cells divide is because the surface area is smaller than the volume area and is unable to move material in and out of the cell. Should a cell maintain a high surface area to volume area ration?

A

Yes

22
Q

What are the 4 reasons cells need to divide?

A

1 maintain a high surface area to volume area ration
2 repair
3 growth
4 new cell of organism

23
Q

What is asecual reproduction?

A

produces identical daughter cells

advantage in a stable environment

24
Q

What is binary fission

A

type of asexual reproduction
one cell splits to make two
ex Bacteria

25
Q

What is budding?

A

type of asexual reproduction
cell divided unequally and the new cell is smaller
ex Yeast

26
Q

What is vegetative propagation?

A

type of asexual reproduction
whole new individuals separate from a parent
ex Strawberries, spider plant

27
Q

What is regeneration?

A

type of asexual reproduction
development of a new parts from injured individuals
ex starfish, lizards, tadpole

28
Q

What is spores

A

Type of asexual reproduction
new cell surrounded by a protective covering, growth continued when favorable conditions develop
ex ferns mushrooms

29
Q

Can some organisms produce both ways

A

yes

30
Q

What is sexual reproduction?

A

combination of genetic material that is produces by 2 gametes
the faceted fuse together and form a fertilized egg or zygote

31
Q

What is a variation?

A

difference within a species, different sizes, shapes and color

32
Q

What is a species?

A

one kind of organism that stated a large number of characteristics and adaptations.

33
Q

What is a diploid?

A

total munger of chromosomes that an organism has in nucleus

34
Q

What is a haploid?

A

half the number of chromosomes found in the gametes (egg or sperm)

35
Q

What is cell division?

A

making of two identical cells form one cell

36
Q

What is mitosis?

A

process by which a cell nucleus divides into two identical nuclei

37
Q

What is the general idea of the cell cycle?

A

may take hours or days for a cel to complete one cycle

most of the cells life is growing and developing

38
Q

What happens in interphase?

A

cell double in size
makes enough mitochondria and other substances for two cells
chromosomes in cycles form copies

39
Q

What happens in prophase?

A

chromosomes mow called chromatids form short, thick rods and pair up in nucleus
spindle fibers form between centrioles look for chromosomes

40
Q

What happens in metaphase

A

chromatids line up in the midd of the cell

spindle fibers drag them by the centromere

41
Q

What happens in anaphase

A

spindle fibers pull chromatids apart to opposite dies of the cell
now the cell has 2 identical sets of single chromosomes

42
Q

What happens in telophase?

A

when chromosomes reach the sides, the nuclear membrane surrounds them
spindle fibers break them
cell develops a cleavage furrow where the cell membrane is formed

43
Q

What is the difference in chromosomes in meiosis and mitosis

A

Mitosis: equal DIPLOIDS
Meiosis: half HAPLOID

44
Q

What is meiosis?

A

cell division which produces gametes (sex cells) containing half the number of chromosomes as a parent body cell

45
Q

What happens in interphase in meiosis?

A

growth of cell and doubling of chromosomes

produces homologous chromosomes

46
Q

What happens in prophase I in meiosis?

A

chromosomes pair up (2 sets)

47
Q

What happens in metaphase I in meiosis?

A

chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell

48
Q

what is anaphase I in meiosis?

A

spindle fibers pill chromosomes apart to opposite side of cell
cell has two identical sets of chromosomes

49
Q

What is telophase I in meiosis?

A

chromosomes react the disease of the cell and furrow develops

50
Q

What is short interphase?

A

no replication

51
Q

What is prophase II, Metaphase II, and anaphase II?

A

Prophase II: spindle fibers form in cell again
Metaphase II: chromosomes line up on the equator
Anaphase II: sister chromatids separate and begin to move to opposite poles

52
Q

What is telophase II and cytokinesis?

A

Telophase II: nuclei reform, spindles break down and cytoplasm divides
Cytokinesis:
4 new haploids cells are formed
other cells are lost to polar bodies (get less cytoplasm then the egg) contains 1 chromosomes form each homologous pair
cells will become gametes to transmit genes they contain to offspring

Honors Biology (3 decks)

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