Mitosis & DNA

Question 1

stages of interphase

Answer 1

G1
S
G2

Question 2

G1 phase

Answer 2

When cell decides to replicate
Checked for basic needs

Question 3

S phase

Answer 3

DNA replication
Every chromosome makes two sister chromatids

Question 4

G2 phase

Answer 4

checking replication
commitment to mitosis

Question 5

4 ways to regulate mitosis

Answer 5

cyclin-CDK
Growth factors
Density dependent inhibition
Anchorage dependent inhibition

Question 6

what is cyclin, CDK & MPF ?

Answer 6

cyclin - a prot that regulates CDK
CDK - kinase that regulates mitosis
MPF - cyclin & CDK-complex

Question 7

how do growth factors influence mitosis?

Answer 7

growth factors can override all other factors that prevent mitosis

Question 8

density dependant inhibition

Answer 8

Selecting only certain type of cell sizes for mitosis

Question 9

What does anchorage dependent inhibition do?

Answer 9

Prevents the overgrowth and stacking of cells over each other

Question 10

benign tumor

Answer 10

Tumor that remains on the site

Question 11

Malignant tumor

Answer 11

tumor that has the potential to spread to other tissues

Question 12

What is the complementary base pairing rule ?

Answer 12

A-T
C-G

Question 13

Purine and pyramidine bases

Answer 13

A & G - purines
C & T - pyramidines

Question 14

Where in the nucleotide are phosphodiester bonds?

Answer 14

Between the sugar and nitrogenous base

Question 14

how are the nitrogenous bases in the DNA connected?

Answer 14

hydrogen bonds

Question 15

What are the three components of a nucleotide? Which ones are the backbone?

Answer 15

sugar — nitrogenous base — P grp

Question 16

What are nucleic acids?

Answer 16

DNA & RNA

Question 17

what is the building block of DNA?

Answer 17

dNTP

Question 18

what is the Watson-Crick theory about DNA?

Answer 18

DNA is the right-handed double helix, held by hydrogen bonds between the bases

Question 19

Central dogma biology

Answer 19

DNA➡️RNA➡️protein

Question 20

How many hydrogen bones are between the bases?

Answer 20

double bet A & T
triple bet C & G

Question 21

Give the three stop codons

Answer 21

UAA
UAG
UGA

Question 22

DNA ligase

Answer 22

joins DNA

Question 23

DNA polymerase

Answer 23

DNA synthesizer that adds nucleotides to the forming dna strands (to daughter strand)

Question 24

replication fork

Answer 24

the part from where the dna is open

Question 25

Topoisomerase

Answer 25

Relieves the torsional strain that comes from opening up the replication fork starts to cut the dna

Question 26

what happens to telomeres over time?

Answer 26

They are shortened which can eat up dna while getting replicated

Question 27

what does telomerase enzyme do?

Answer 27

It prevents the deletion of important genes by the shopping of telomeres It is only present in germline cells

Question 28

Semi conservative replication

Answer 28

Two strands of double stranded dna with one strand coming from one parent and the other is a new replicated strand for each dna double strand Both parents stranded separate and make the opposite (daughter strand)

Question 29

What are the three steps of dna replication?

Answer 29

Initiation elongation termination

Question 30

Initiator proteins

Answer 30

Get in between the hydrogen bonds between nitrogenous bases and open them up They attach at origin sites (in bacteria)

Question 31

Why are origin sites ideal for opening up the D N A?

Answer 31

Because they are like the As & Ts with less hydrogen bonding between them

Question 32

elongation process of txn

Answer 32

Daughter strands are made from parental strands

Question 33

helicase

Answer 33

unzip the DNA upstream where the replication is happening Breaks hydrogen bonds between the nitrogenous pairs

Question 34

where is energy needed?

Answer 34

Energy is needed to break the hydrogen bonds between the nitrogenous basis

Question 35

When do we go from two chromosomes to 4 in mitosis?

Answer 35

From metaphase to anaphase

Question 36

RNA Polymerase

Answer 36

Makes mRNA from DNA template Reads the DNA sequence and builds a complimentary RNA strand

Question 37

Ribosome

Answer 37

site where the protein is made Read the mRNA and assembles amino acids into the chain