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Biology for the MCAT :) > Mitosis, Meosis & Cell Cycle > Flashcards

Mitosis, Meosis & Cell Cycle Flashcards

(45 cards)

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1
Q

Mitosis

A
  • Creates 2 identical diploid (2n) somatic daughter cells with 46 chromosomes
  • Prophase
  • Metaphase
  • Anaphase
  • Telophase
  • Cytokinesis
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2
Q

Prophase

A
  • Nuclear Envelope breaks / Nuclear membrane dissolves
  • Chromatin condenses
  • Centriole pair in Centrosomes separates
  • Formation of Mitotic Spindle

**Duplicated DNA (92 chromosomes)

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3
Q

Metaphase

A
  • Chromosomes lines up at the metaphase plate under guidance of spindle fibers
  • Mitotic Spindles pull on Kinetichores on the Centromere
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4
Q

Anaphase

A
  • Cell elongates because Centromeres are pushed outward
  • Microtubules from Mitotic Spindles shorten
  • Sister Chromatids separate
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5
Q

Telophase

A
  • Reverse of Prophase
  • Nuclear Envelope and Nuclear Membrane reforms
  • Chromosomes decondense into Chromatin (unravel)
  • Mitotic Spindle breaks
  • Nucleoli reappear
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6
Q

Cytokinesis in Mitosis

A

Cell begins to pinch in (as Telophase begins to occur)
- Cell divides (cytoplasm and organelles) creating two identical daughter cells

*Diploid (2n) cells are created with 46 chromosomes each

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7
Q

Chromatin

A

DNA wrapped around histones

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8
Q

Chromosome

A

Condense DNA (during cell division) made from chromatin

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9
Q

Kinetichore Proteins

A

On Centromere; pinches the center where spindle fibers will attach

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10
Q

G1 Phase

A

PreSynthetic Gap:

  • Cell is metabolically active
  • Growth
  • Duplicate organelles and cytosolic components for energy and protein production
  • Begin replicating centrosomes
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11
Q

G1 / S Checkpoint

A

Restrictions Stage:

Did everything grow and duplicate properly? DNA is examined and repaired

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12
Q

S Phase

A

“Synthesis” - DNA is replicated

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13
Q

S / G2 Checkpoint

A

Is DNA ok? Correct? Is there enough organelles and cytoplasm to divide between the two daughter cells?

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14
Q

G2 Phase

A

PostSynthetic Gap:

  • Growth
  • Enzymes and proteins are synthesized
  • Centrosomes are replicated
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15
Q

M Phase

A

Mitotic Phase and Cytokinesis - nucleus divides; cytoplasm and organelles are divided into two daughter cells

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16
Q

G0 Phase

A
  • Exit from the cell cycle (non-dividing)
  • Cell goes about it job in the body and just exist

**Nerve cells stop here and remain here

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17
Q

Interphase

A

Duplication of DNA and organelles

G1 phase, S phase and G2 phase

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18
Q

Cell Cycle

A 
G1 Phase
G1 / S Checkpoint
S Phase
S / G2 Checkpoint
G2 Phase
M Phase
Cytokinesis
(G0 Phase) - Exit
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19
Q

Meiosis I

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A

Reproductive Division:

  • Occurs in Gametes or Sex Cells
  • Creates two copies of everything in the cell during Interphase to create Double Diploid (2n) cells with 92 chromosomes
  • First round of division to create 2 Double Haploid (n) cells: 23 chromosomes from mother and 23 chromosomes from father in each cell = 46 chromosomes total
  • Prophase I
  • Metaphase I
  • Anaphase I
  • Telophase I
  • Cytokinesis
20
Q

Prophase I

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A
  • Nuclear Envelope breaks
  • Centrosomes separate
  • Spindle fibers form
  • Chromatin Condenses into chromosomes

**Crossing over occurs here

21
Q

Chromatid

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A

Single (1 parent) strand

22
Q

Sister Chromatids

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A

Double haploid (1 parent) but two copies of the strand

23
Q

Cohesin

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A

Holds sister chromatids together

24
Q

Metaphase I

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A
  • Homologs line up at metaphase plate
  • Spindle Fibers attach to kinetichores on cetromere (what holds the homologous pairs together)
  • Separate homologous pairs
25
Anaphase I
- Disjunction: Homologous chromosomes pulled apart (breaking kinetichores) and pushed to opposite poles of the cell - Sister chromatids still attached together by cohesin - Cell elongates
26
Telophase I
- Nuclear envelope reforms around sister chromatids
27
Cytokinesis in Meosis I
- Cell begins to pinch in (as Telophase I begins) - Cell divides creating 2 double haploid (n) daughter cells (23 chromosomes from mother and 23 chromosomes from father in each cell)
28
Meoisis II
Equational Division: - No DNA replication between meiosis I and meiosis II; Centrosomes will replicate - Begins with double haploid (n) cells with 46 chromosomes - Results in 4 haploid (n) gamete cells with 23 chromosomes each - Prophase II - Metaphase II - Anaphase II - Telophase II - Cytokinesis
29
Prophase II
- Nuclear envelope breaks - Nucleoli disappear - Centrosomes separate - Centrioles migrate to opposite poles - Spindle Fibers form - Chromatin condenses
30
Metaphase II
- Sister chromatids line up at metaphase plate (turned by 90 degrees) - Spindle fibers attach to kinetichores on centromere
31
Anaphase II
- Cohesin breaks - Sister chromatids are pulled apart - Cell elongates - Centromeres divide and move to opposite poles
32
Telophase II
- Nuclear Envelope and Nuclear Membrane reforms | - Chromatids decondense into chromatin
33
Cytokinesis
- Cell begins to pinch in (at the start of telophase) | - Cell divides into 4 hapoid (n) gamete cells with 23 chromosomes each
34
Mitosis Review
- Somatic Cells - Asexual - Require 1 parent - Identical daughter cells (no genetic advantage) - Fast - Produce 2 Diploid (2n) daughter cells with 46 chromosomes each
35
Meiosis Review
- Germ (sex) cells ; Gametes - Sexual - Require 2 parents - Brand new cells / organism is created (genetic variation) - Slow - Produce 4 Haploid (n) daughter cells with 23 chromosomes each
36
Tetrad and Homologs
Code for the same things but are from two different parents (found in meosis)
37
Spermatogenesis
``` Primary Spermatocyte (2n) Undergoes Meiosis 1 Secondary spermatocyte (n) Undergoes Meiosis II Spermatids (n) - haploid Mature into 4 Haploid (n) Spermatozoa ``` **RESULT: 4 Sperm Cells
38
Oogenesis
``` Primary Oocyte (2n) Undergoes Meiosis I Secondary Oocyte (n) + Polar Body Undergoes Meiosis II Ootid (n) - haploid + Polar Body Mature into the Haploid Ova + 2-3 Polar Bodies (which will die) ``` RESULT: 1 Ova
39
Synapsis
Prophase I: Homologous chromosomes come together and intertwine with each other
40
Chiasma
Prophase I: Point of synapsis where recombination and crossing over may occur
41
Interkinesis
Telophase I and Cytokinesis: Partial uncoiling of the chromosomes
42
Centrosome
Contain the centrioles
43
Aster
Anchors the centrioles to the membrane
44
Disjunction
Anaphase I: Homologous chromosomes pulled apart (breaking kinetichores) and pushed to opposite poles of the cell
45
Control of Cell Cycle
Cyclins and Cyclin Dependent Kinases complex which phosphorylate transcription factors to promote transcription of genes required for the next stage of the cycle

Biology for the MCAT :) (10 decks)

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