Respiratory System

Question 1

Nares

Answer 1

Nostrils; where gas enters the nose

Question 2

Nasal Cavity

Answer 2

Mucous membranes and nasal hair filter air

Question 3

Pharynx

Answer 3

Warms and humidifies the air; also separates food and air pathways

Question 4

Larynx

Answer 4

Opening is termed the glottis and is covered by the epiglottis during swallowing

Question 5

Trachea

Answer 5

Air from the larynx moves through here on its way to the bronchus

Question 6

Bronchus

Answer 6

Bronchus divides into smaller branches of bronchioles

Question 7

Alveoli

Answer 7

• Tiny balloon like structures at the end of the bronchioles where gas exchange occurs
• Surrounded by a network of capillaries to carry O2 and CO2

Question 8

Attractant

Answer 8

Detergent that lowers surface tension and prevents the Alveoli from collapsing on itself

Question 9

Pleurae

Answer 9

Membranes the surround each lung ; a closed sac against which the lungs expand

Question 10

Interpleural Space

Answer 10

Space within sac filled with fluid to lubricate pleural surfaces

Question 11

Diaphragm

Answer 11

Thin muscular structure that divides thoracic (chest) cavity and abdominal cavity generating negative pressure for expression

Question 12

Inhalation

Answer 12

Active Process where the diaphragm flattens and the external intercostal muscles expand the thoracic cavity, increasing volume of interpleural space thus decreasing the intrapleural pressure

Question 13

Negative Pressure Breathing

Answer 13

Pressure differential (lungs @ higher than 1 atm) so the lungs expand into the space dropping their pressure and drawing in air from the environment

**Remember Boyle’s Law P is inversely related to volume

Question 14

Passive Exhalation

Answer 14

Relaxation of muscles of inspiration and elastic recoil of lungs allow the chest cavity to decrease in volume, reversing the pressure differentials see in inhalation
- Pressure in interpleural space is higher than pressure in lungs (1 atm) so air is pushed out

Question 15

Active Exhalation

Answer 15

Internal Intercostal Muscles and Abdominal Muscles pull the rib cage down by opposing the External Intercostal Muscles and forcibly decreases the volume in the thoracic cavity ; speeding up the process of ventilation and pushing air out

Question 16

Spirometer

Answer 16

Used to measure lung capacities and volume

Question 17

Total Lung Capacity (TLC)

Answer 17

Max volume of air in the lungs when one inhales completely (6-7L)

Question 18

Residual Volume (RV)

Answer 18

Minimum volume of air in lungs when one exhales completely

Question 19

Vital Capacity (VC)

Answer 19

Difference between min and max volumes

VC =(TLC - RV)

Question 20

Tidal Volume (TV)

Answer 20

Volume of air exhaled or inhaled in a normal breath

Question 21

Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV)

Answer 21

Volume of additional air that can be forcibly exhaled after normal exhalation

Question 22

Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV)

Answer 22

Volume of additional air that can be forcibly inhaled after normal inhalation

Question 23

Ventilation Center

Answer 23

Neurons in the medulla oblongata that fire rhythmically to cause regular contraction of respiratory muscles; contain chemo-receptors sensitive to [CO2]

Question 24

Hypercarbia

Answer 24

Abnormally elevated CO2 levels; causing the respiratory rate to increase to expel the excess CO2

Question 25

Cerebrum

Answer 25

Allows limited control of our own breathing

Question 26

Functions of Respiratory System

Answer 26

1. Gas Exchange 2. Thermoregulation 3. Immune Function 4. pH Control

Question 27

Gas Exchange Function of Respiratory System

Answer 27

Deoxygenated blood from right ventricle of the heart goes into pulmonary arteries and then travels to the alveoli through capillaries. Oxygenated blood returns to the left atrium of the heart via the pulmonary veins

Question 28

Thermoregulation Function of Respiratory System

Answer 28

Vasodilation (capillary expand and more blood passes through causing thermal energy to dissipate) - Vasoconstriction (capillary contract, less blood passes through to preserve thermal energy)

Question 29

Immune Function of Respiratory System

Answer 29

- Vibrissae (nasal hairs) can trap particulate matter and infectious particles - Lysozyme attacks bacteria - Mucus lines internal airways to trap particulate matter and larger invaders - Cilia propel mucus up respiratory tract to oral cavity where it can be expelled or swallowed

Question 30

Vibrissae

Answer 30

Small hairs that line the nasal cavity

Question 31

Lysozyme

Answer 31

Attack peptidoglycan walls of gram + bacteria

Question 32

Mast Cells

Answer 32

Pre-formed antibodies which can release inflammatory chemicals in surrounding area to create immune response

Question 33

Bicarbonate Buffer System

Answer 33

CO2 (g) + H2O (l) H3CO3 (aq) H+ (aq) + HCO3 (aq) - Keeps the blood pH around 7.4

Question 34

Acidemia

Answer 34

Low pH (increased [H+] ) - Shifts bicarbonate system to generate additional CO2 - Respiratory rate increases

Question 35

Alkalemia

Answer 35

High pH (decreased [H+] ) - Shifts bicarbonate system to the right - CO2 is retained - Respiratory rate is slowed