1. Agent must be isolated and grown outside the host, 2. Suspected causative agent must be found in every case of the disease and be absent from healthy host, 3. When agent is introduced in healthy host, the host must get the disease, 4. Same agent must be re-isolated from diseased experimental host

mm pp 1 Flashcards by Jenn Kirkpatrick

Medical Microbiology

The study of microorganisms that cause human disease

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Antoni Van LeeuwenHoek (1632-1723)

Made the first simple microscope to view “animalcules” (microorganisms)

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Koch and Pasteur

Credited with developing the Germ theory

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Carolus Linnaeus

Developed system for naming and classifying plants, animals, and similar organisms together (Taxonomic systems)

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Otto Muller

Grouped Leeuwenhoeks organisms into five categories: fungi, protozoa, alge, prokaryotes, small animals

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Friedrich Henle(1840)

First proposed the germ theory

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Louis Pasteur

Father of Microbiology

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Robert Koch

Father of Microbiology Lab

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John Snow (1854)

Studied Cholera

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Koch’s Postulates

Agent must be isolated and grown outside the host, 2. Suspected causative agent must be found in every case of the disease and be absent from healthy host, 3. When agent is introduced in healthy host, the host must get the disease, 4. Same agent must be re-isolated from diseased experimental host

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Helicobacter Pylori

Gram Negative Bacteria that is thought to play a part in Ulcers and stomach lesions

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Chemotherapy

Using chemicals to treat microbial infections

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Paul Ehrlich (1910)

treated syphilis with arsenic compound

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Alexander Fleming (1928)

Left out plates that caused penicillium chrysogenum to kill staph on a bacterial plate-helped with development of antibiotic (also discovered lysozyme)

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Chain and Heatly in Florey’ lab (1940’s)

Developed a stable form for therapy with penecillin. Allies used it, Germans did not.

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Gerhard Domagk (1935)

Sulfanilamide

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Selman Waksman (1943)

Streptomycin

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All currently used antivirals are _______

Synthetic

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Anti-Microbial

General use-Kills microbes

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Anti-Fungal

Kill Fungus

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Anti-Parasitic

Kill Parasites

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Microorganisms in Medical Microbiology

viruses, prokaryotes, fungi, parasites, prions

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Prion examples

CJD, Bovine Spongioform Encephalopothy

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Smallest Complex Pathogen with DNA or RNA genome (Also has a protein capsid and some have envelopes)

Virus

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Size range of viruses

18-600 nm

How many different types of viruses are there?

3000+ viruses

How many different viruses infect humans and animals?

650+ viruses infect humans and animals

Viral Envelope is made of?

Lipids

Ivanovsky

TMV research

Reed

Yellow Fever Research

Rous

Rous Sarcoma Virus Research

Rabies Virus Shape

Bullet shape

Bacteria

Unicellular- Potentially Pathogenic prokaryotic organisms that reproduce asexually

Size of Bacteria

1-20 micrometer or larger

Two primary types of Bacteria

Gram positive and Gram Negative

Number of bacterial species on or in the human body

1000's

3 basic shapes of bacterial species

Rods, Cocci, and spirals

Number of names bacterial species

6250 named species

Human Microbiome Project

Research project meant to study and identify the different types of microbes that take residence in the human body

Gram Negative Stain Color

Pink

Gram Positive Stain Color

Purple

Fungi

Eukaryotic Yeasts or Molds-Opportunistic

Yeasts

Unicellular fungi with asexual reproduction

Mold

Filamentous with Asexual or sexual reproduction

Dimorphic fungi

Can assume both yeast and mold form depending on situation

Medical Mycology

Study of Fungi medically

Saprobes

Feed on dead organic material

Aspergillus

Common Mold

Penicillium

Filamentous Fungus that has spores and hypha

Parasites

Eukaryotic Complex Microbes with extremely complex life cycles

Unicellular Protozoa size

1-2 micrometers

Multicellular Helminths Types

Worms, flatworms, and roundworms

Size of multicellular Helminths

1 micrometer to 10 meters

Nematodes are also called __________

Roundworms

Paramecium

Non-pathogenic Protozoa

Giardia

Unicellular Protozoa that can cause gastroenteritis

Trypanosoma brucei

Nematode that can cause sleeping sickness

Arthropods Examples

Ticks, Mosquitos, fleas

Kissing Bug

Arthropod that Causes Chagas Disease and sucks blood from host

naegleria fowleri

Amoeba-Have pseudopods (Cause deadly infection that eats away at brain)

Disease Carried by Ticks

Lime disease

Disease carried by Mosquito

Yellow Fever

Disease caused by Fleas

Plague

Vectors

Transmitted to host

Immunology

Study of the immune system

Bacteriology

Study of Bacteria and archaea

Phycology

Study of Algae

Mycology

Study of Fungi

Protozoology

Study of Protozoa

Parasitology

Study of parasitic protozoa

Virology

Study of Viruses

Environmental Microbiology

Relationships between microbes and among microbes, other organisms, and their environments

Serology

Study of Antibodies in blood serum,

Etiology

Study of Cause of disease

Why do we study Microbial Disease?

Study in order to understand and to control them within society

Strict Pathogen

Always Pathogenic

Opportunistic Pathogens

Cause disease under particular circumstances (usually already in the body)

Exogenous Infections

Due to exposure to organisms from an external source (Examples include Most viruses, C. tetani, N. gonorrheae)

Endogenous Infections

Due to organisms that are part of a persons microbial flora (Staph, strep, e. coli)

Macroscopic Morphology

Technique used to study and determine characteristics by the colonies on a plate of bacteria

Microscopic morphology

Look at plates under a microscope, including the use of stains, etc

Phage typing

Technique used to determine bacteria based on bacteriophage that infects the species

Antibiogram Patterns

Techniques used to determine bacteria based on the antibiotics that kill the bacterial colonies

16s rRNA analysis

Primary identification process used-Base sequence of RNA determined

Dichotomous Keys

Series of paired statements worded so that only one of two "either/or" choices apples to any particular situation

Genotypic Classification and Identification of Bacteria Techniques

GC/AT ratio, DNA Hybridization, Nucleic Acid sequence analysis, Plasmid analysis, Ribotyping, Chromosomal DNA fragment analysis using restriction enzymes

Analytical Classification of Bacteria

Cell wall fatty Acid analysis, Whole Cell lipid analysis, Whole Cell protein analysis, Multifocus locus enzyme electrophoresis, Glycosylation analysis

What is Rabbit Fever?

Another name for Tularemia. Vectors include ticks and mosquitos.

What is the germ theory?

Theory that diseases are caused by microorganisms that can only be viewed with microscopes or specialized lenses.

mm pp 1 Flashcards

(89 cards)