mm pp 2 Flashcards
(95 cards)
1
Q
Symbiosis
A
Both parties benefit-Symbionts
2
Q
How are bacteria helping humans by being inside of them?
A
Compete with pathogens that enter the body, Help to digest food and carbs
3
Q
Colonization
A
Primarily Transient or permanent with no harm to the host
4
Q
Pathogens
A
Produce disease-Harmful to the host
5
Q
Strict Pathogen
A
Always cause disease
6
Q
Examples of disease by strict pathogens
A
TB, Malaria, gonorrhea
7
Q
Opportunistic Pathogens
A
Usually normal commensal that becomes harmful if provided the right conditions
8
Q
Examples of opportunistic pathogens
A
Staph., Strep, E.Coli, Candida
9
Q
Immunocompromised
A
Faulty immune system that makes the individual more susceptible to infection
10
Q
Ubiquitous
A
Found everywhere
11
Q
Antibiotics alter your __________
A
microflora
12
Q
Microbiome can alter how susceptible people are to __________
A
infectious diseases
13
Q
Common Skin Commensals
A
Staph Aureus or Epidermis, Micrococcus Luteus,
14
Q
Common skin commensal that causes acne
A
Propionibacteria
15
Q
Skin commensal that spends a limited time on the skin
A
Streptococcus
16
Q
Characteristics of Skin commensals
A
Able to survive hostile environments such as temperature, low nutrients, etc.; Like moisture and folds on skin
17
Q
Common skin commensals that cause BO
A
S. epidermis, and M. Luteus
18
Q
Common Anaerobic Upper respiratory Commensals
A
Peptostreptococcus, Veillonella, Actinomyces, fusobacterium
19
Q
Common Aerobic Upper respiratory Commensals
A
Streptococcus, Haemophilus influenzae, Neisseria Meningitidis, Candida
20
Q
Candida is a ___________ yeast
A
ubiquitous
21
Q
Common Nose Commensals
A
Corynebacterium, staph and strep
22
Q
Common Mouth Commensals
A
S. mutans
23
Q
Causes Biofilms on teeth
A
S. Mutans
24
Q
There are 10-100 times more _________ than _________
A
anaerobes than aerobes
25
Rhizopus
Common Red Mold
26
Your lower respiratory tract has fewer __________ than upper respiratory tract
Commensals
27
Most Lower Respiratory Tract Commensals are ___________
Transient
28
Chronic Aspiration is Commonly caused by ___________
Peptostreptococcus
29
Common Eye Commensals
Coagulase Negative staph, Same as in upper respiratory system
30
Common Ear Commensals
Coagulase Negative Staph, Fungal Growth if moist
31
Eyes and Ears are both commonly colonized by _____________
Coagulase Negative Staph
32
___________ is secreted by tear ducts to kill bacteria in the eyes
Lysozyme
33
Common Stomach Commensals
Very few Lactobacillus, Streptococcus, Helicobacter pylori
34
Stomach Commensals must be able to survive ___________ and ___________
HCl and Pepsinogen (pH extremes is also acceptable)
35
Common Small Intestine Commensals
Peptostreptococcus, Porphyromonas, and prevotella
36
Common Esophagus Commensals
Same as stomach and mouth
37
Common mouth commensals are ______ and _______
transient and diverse
38
There are _______ bacteria per gram of feces
10^11
39
Bacteria makes up ______% of fecal mass
30-Oct
40
GI tract commensals are _________ times more anaerobic than aerobic
1000
41
1% of intestinal flora is _________
E. Coli
42
Common Large intestine Bacteria
Bifidobacterium, Eubacterium, Bacterioides, Enterococcus, E Coli, Clostridia, Candida
43
Bacteria in the Large intestine help to produce Vitamin ____
K
44
Opportunistic Anaerobic Pathogen in the Large Intestine
Bacterioides fragilis
45
Opportunistic Aerobic Pathogen in the Large Intestine
Escherichia Coli
46
Three types of GI Enterotypes
1. Bacterioides, 2. Prevotella, 3. Ruminococcus-Most common
47
Common Commensals in Anterior Urethra
Lactobacilli, streptococci, staphylococci
48
Vaginal Commensals (Change with hormone differences)
Streptococci, enterobacteriaceae, Enterococcus, Mycoplasma, Candida, Ureaplasma, Gardnerella, Staph., Lactobacilli (after estrogen increase in puberty)
49
Urine can contain __________ bacterial cells/mL
100-10000
50
Common Respiratory Pathogens-Upper
s. pyogenes, s. pnuemoniae, s. aureus, N. meningitidis, H. influenza, Moraxella catarrhalis, enterobacteriaceae
51
Common Respiratory Pathogens-Lower
S. pneumoniae, s. aureus, Klebsiella sp., Anaerobic bacteria from upper respiratory tract, Candida Albicans, Coccidiodes, Blastomyces
52
Common Fungal Microbes in Lower Respiratory Tract
Histoplasma, Coccidiodes, Blastomyces
53
Common Eye Pathogens
S. Pneumoniae, S. aureus, H. Influenza, N. Gonorrheae, Chlamydia, Trachomatis, Ps. aeruginosa, B. cereus
54
Common Ear Pathogens
S. pneumoniae, Ps. aeruginosa, Enterobacteriaceae
55
Common Esophagus, Stomach, and small intestine Pathogens
Candida sp., Herpes Simplex, Cyromegalovirus, H. Pylori, Salmonella, Camylobacter
56
Common Large Intestine Pathogens
Bacteriodes fragilis (anaerobic), E. coli (aerobic), Shigella, Enterococcus, Pseudomonas, C. difficile, Entamoeba histolytica (amoeba)
57
Blind Loop Syndrome
Where flora from large intestine get into small intestine
58
Genitourinary Tract Pathogens
N. gonorrheae, C. Trachomatis, Actinomyces, Candida, Trichomonas vaginalis, Gardnerella, Mobiluncus, HSV, HPV
59
Sterilization
Total destruction of all microbes including spores
60
Disinfection
Most organisms are destroyed, but not resistant cells and spores
61
Antisepsis
Removing microbes from the skin or other living tissue
62
Germicidal
Microbe killing agent, spores survive though
63
Sporicide
Capable of killing bacterial spores
64
Bacteriocidal
Kills bacteria
65
Bacteriostatic
Inhibits multiplication of bacteria
66
Biocide
Antimicrobial Chemical-General
67
Antimicrobial
Wide range of microbes are effected
68
Moist Heat can sterilize at ________
121 degrees Celsius at 15 lbs for 15 minutes (Called Autoclaving)
69
Moist Heat can Disinfect at __________
75-100 degrees Celsius for 30 minutes
70
Dry heat can sterilize at ________
121 degrees Celsius for 16 hrs or 160 degrees Celsius for 2 hrs
71
Dry heat to sterilize glassware is done at __________
160-170 degrees celsius for 1 hour
72
Pasteurization is done at ___________
71.7 Degrees Celsius for 15-20 Seconds (Also used to kill germs in food and drinks)
73
HEPA filters have pore sizes of __________
0.22-0.45 micrometers
74
UV radiation
Used to sterilize surfaces and HEPA filters (254nm) Can kill DNA
75
Ionizing Radiation
Sterilizing method used on Liquids and Surfaces. Can kill DNA. Uses Microwaves and Gamma Waves. Has poor penetration
76
Incineration
ROAST EM!
77
Ethylene Oxide
C2H4O2, Gaseous Sterilizing Agent used on rooms and plastics. Flammable and Carcinogenic (Used on pre-packaged hospitall materials)
78
Formaldehyde Vapor
CH2O, Used to sterilize HEPA filters; carcinogenic
79
H2O2 Vapor
Used to sterilize Instruments and filters; is an oxidizing agent and toxic
80
Plasma Gas
Gaseous Sterilizing Agent. Is H2O2 gas exposed to microwaves and radio waves which produce free radicals; non-toxic and may replace ethylene oxide; can be used on plastics
81
Peracetic Acid
CH3COOH, Chemical Sterilizing Agent used on surfaces. It is an organic peroxide that oxidizes with safe end products of acetic acid and O2
82
Gluteraldehyde
COC3H6CO, Used to sterilize Instruments. Very toxic and used as a fixative. Kill proteins and DNA
83
High Level Disinfectants
Kills all microbial Pathogens, Cannot inactivate a large number of bacterial spores:
84
Examples of High Level Disinfectants
Moist heat, gluteraldehyde, H2O2, peracetic acid and chlorine
85
Intermediate Level Disinfectants
Kills microbial pathogens but not bacterial endospores
86
Intermediate Level Disinfectants are used on
Flexible Endoscopes, Laryngoscpes, Specula, for anesthesia
87
High level disinfectants are used on
plastics- Endoscopes and surgical equipment
88
Intermediate Level disinfectants Examples
Alcohols, Phenolic cpds, iodophor cpds
89
Low Level Disinfectants
Kills bacterial Cells and inactivates enveloped viruses and some naked viruses
90
Low level disinfectants are used on
Blood Pressure Cuffs, Stethoscopes
91
Low Level Disinfectants Examples
Quaternary Ammonium cpds
92
Clostridium Difficile is a huge problem in hospitals because __________________
It creates Spores and is not effected by the antimicrobial gels used in hospitals
93
Quaternary Ammonium compounds are commonly found in _____________
Mouthwash
94
Examples of Disinfectants
Moist Heat, Gluteraldehyde, Hydrogen Peroxide, Formaldehyde-2%, Chlorine Dioxide (CLO2), Peracetic Acid, Chlorine Compounds like CL2, Iodine Compounds, Alcohol, Phenolic Compounds
95
Antiseptic Agents
Isopropanol and ethanol, Iodophors, Chlorohexidine (Soaps), Parachlorometaxylenol (kills only Gram +), Triclosan (in deodorant soaps), Hydrogen Peroxide (Not always effective as catalase detoxifies it before bacteria are affected
