Mnemonics primary

Question 1

What are the theories of autoregulation?

Answer 1

Metabolic, Myogenic, Autonomic, Endothelial, Hormonal

Metabolic includes K+/H+/lactate; Autonomic involves alpha-1 and beta-2 receptors.

Question 2

What are the types of receptors?

Answer 2

Ligand gated, G-protein coupled, Tyrosine Kinase, Intracellular

Examples include nAChR for ligand gated and insulin for Tyrosine Kinase.

Question 3

What factors influence drug absorption?

Answer 3

Concentration gradient, Lipid solubility, Ionisation, pKa, Protein binding, Route of administration, Molecular weight

Acronym: CLIPPR-M.

Question 4

What is the effect of pH on drug transfer across the placenta?

Answer 4

Basic drugs cross into acid foetus

Maternal/foetal blood pH difference influences drug transfer.

Question 5

What are the causes of hypoxia?

Answer 5

Hypoxic, Anaemic, Stagnant, Histotoxic

Acronym: HASH.

Question 6

What is the synthesis pathway of catecholamines?

Answer 6

Phenylalanine, L-Tyrosine, L-Dopa, Dopamine, Noradrenaline, Adrenaline

Acronym: Paternity: Long live DNA.

Question 7

What are the primary functions of the liver?

Answer 7

Biotransformation, Synthetic, Capacitance, Storage, Metabolic, Immunological, Digestive

Acronym: BSC SMID.

Question 8

What inputs affect the vomiting center?

Answer 8

CTZ, Higher cortical centres, Intestinal tract, Limbic system, Labyrinth, Baroreceptors, Peripheral pain pathways

Acronym: CHILL BARF PREP.

Question 9

What roles does the endothelium perform?

Answer 9

Vasomotor tone, Secretion, Coagulation, Osmosis, Filtration, Barrier, Inflammation, Diffusion

Acronym: V SCOF BID.

Question 10

What are the types of endothelium?

Answer 10

Flat, Cuboidal, Columnar

Types are based on morphology and function.

Question 11

What methods are used to measure FRC?

Answer 11

Helium Dilution, Nitrogen Washout, Body plethysmography

Acronym: H N B - Hot Naked Bodies!

Question 12

What decreases pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR)?

Answer 12

Prostacyclin, Isoprenaline, Acetylcholine, Nitric acid, Oxygen

Acronym: PIANO.

Question 13

What increases pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR)?

Answer 13

Anatomical dead space, Physiological dead space

Acronym: AFPB - Always found physics boring.

Question 14

What shifts the O2 dissociation curve to the left?

Answer 14

Decrease H+, Decrease CO2, Decrease 2,3 DPG, Decrease temp

Left shift indicates increased affinity for O2.

Question 15

What shifts the O2 dissociation curve to the right?

Answer 15

Increase H+, Increase CO2, Increase 2,3 DPG, Increase temp

Right shift indicates decreased affinity for O2.

Question 16

What is the permeability of the Loop of Henle?

Answer 16

Descending permeable to water, Ascending impermeable to water

Descending allows water reabsorption; ascending does not.

Question 17

What are the components of the JVP waveform?

Answer 17

Atrial contraction, Tricuspid valve bulging, Relaxation, Filling with a closed valve

Describes phases of right atrial pressure.

Question 18

What causes decreased TLCO?

Answer 18

Pneumonectomy, Anaemia, COPD, Interstitial lung disease, Vasculitis, Extrathoracic restriction

Acronym: PACIVE.

Question 19

What is the formula for clearance?

Answer 19

Clearance = k x Vd

K represents the rate constant for elimination.

Question 20

What is the extraction ratio formula?

Answer 20

Clearance = Q x ER

Q represents blood flow.

Question 21

What are mechanisms of drug action?

Answer 21

Receptors, Enzymes, Neurotransmitters, Transport systems, Hormones, Ion channels, Physiochemical

Acronym: RENT-HIP.

Question 22

What oral hypoglycaemics increase insulin sensitivity?

Answer 22

Biguanides, Thiazolidinediones

Examples include Metformin and Pioglitazone.

Question 23

What oral hypoglycaemics increase insulin secretion?

Answer 23

Sulphonylureas, Dipeptidyl peptidase IV inhibitors, Meglitinides, Incretin mimics, Alpha-glucosidase inhibitors

Acronym: Big Tall Sugar Daddy Mega Increased Adiposity.

Question 24

What drugs are associated with zero-order kinetics?

Answer 24

Phenytoin, Ethanol, Salicylates, Thiopental, Theophylline

Acronym: PESTT.

Question 25

What are enzyme inducers?

Answer 25

Griseofulvin, Alcohol (chronic), Phenytoin, Primidone, Rifampicin, Inhalation agents, Carbamazepine ## Footnote Acronym: GAP PRICE.

Question 26

What are enzyme inhibitors?

Answer 26

Metronidazole, Ciprofloxacin, Fluconazole, Erythromycin, Ethanol (acute), Dextropropoxyphene, Cimetidine, Amiodarone, Ketoconazole, Etomidate ## Footnote Acronym: MC FEED CAKE.

Question 27

What are the effects of dopamine at low and high doses?

Answer 27

Beta effects at low dose, Alpha effects at high dose ## Footnote Dopamine acts differently based on dosage.

Question 28

What drugs cause peripheral neuropathy?

Answer 28

Metronidazole, Amiodarone, Nitrofurantoin, Isoniazid, Cisplatin, Phenytoin, Vincristine/Vinblastine, Ciprofloxacin ## Footnote Acronym: MANIC, PVC.

Question 29

What drugs induce lupus?

Answer 29

Carbamazepine, Hydralazine, Isoniazid, Methyldopa, Procainamide, Sulphonamides, Phenytoin ## Footnote Acronym: CHIMPS, P.

Question 30

What drugs can cause hepatitis?

Answer 30

Valproate, Amiodarone, Methyldopa, Pyrazinamide, Isoniazid, Rifampicin, PhenYtoin, Simvastatin ## Footnote Acronym: VAMPIRES.

Question 31

What is the gas law equation?

Answer 31

PV = nRT ## Footnote Describes the relationship between pressure, volume, and temperature.

Question 32

What are the main causes of perioperative hypothermia?

Answer 32

Radiation, Convection, Evaporation, Respiration, Conduction ## Footnote Percentages: 40%, 30%, 20%, 8%, 2% respectively.

Question 33

What is the equation for capacitance?

Answer 33

C = Q/V ## Footnote C represents capacitance, Q is charge, and V is voltage.

Question 34

What acronym helps assess difficult intubation?

Answer 34

LEMON ## Footnote Stands for Look externally, Evaluate (3:3:2), Mallampati, Obstruction/obesity, Neck mobility.

Question 35

What factors contribute to difficult bag-mask ventilation?

Answer 35

Obese, Bearded, Elderly >55, Snorers, Edentulous ## Footnote Acronym: OBESE.

Question 36

What factors contribute to difficult LMA insertion?

Answer 36

Restricted mouth opening, Obstruction, Distorted anatomy, Stiff lungs and c-Spine ## Footnote Acronym: RODS.

Question 37

What does the acronym DOPES stand for?

Answer 37

Displacement of tracheal tube, Obstruction of artificial airway, Pneumothorax, Equipment failure, Stomach distension ## Footnote Refers to complications after tracheal intubation.

Question 38

What are the components of pediatric emergency management?

Answer 38

Weight, Energy, Tracheal size, Fluids, Lorazepam, Atropine, Adrenaline, Glucose ## Footnote Acronym: WET FLAG.

Question 39

What should be monitored daily in ICU patients?

Answer 39

Feed/fluids, Lines/devices, Abx/apperients/analgesia, Thromboprophylaxis, Communication, Hydration/head up, Ulcer prophylaxis, Glucose control ## Footnote Acronym: FLAT C HUG.

Question 40

What types of sickle cell crisis are there?

Answer 40

Vaso-occlusive, Aplastic, Sequestration, Haemolytic ## Footnote Acronym: VASH.

Question 41

What are the cholinergic side effects?

Answer 41

Diaphoretic/diarrhoea, Urination, Meiosis/muscle weakness, Bradycardia, Bronchospasm, Emesis, Lacrimation, Salivation ## Footnote Acronym: DUMBBELS.

Question 42

What nerves are involved in the scalp block?

Answer 42

Greater auricular, Greater occipital, Lesser occipital, Supraorbital, Supratrochlear, Auricotemporal, Zygomaticotemporal ## Footnote Acronym: GGL SSAZ.