MNSR 37 - Human Reproduction: Female Reproductive system

Question 1

location of ovaries

Answer 1

are located in the lower abdominal cavity below kidneys - each 3cm long
Held in place by two ligaments

Question 2

2 ligaments holding ovaries in place

Answer 2

round ligament and ovarian ligament

Question 3

ovarian ligament

Answer 3

. Connects ovary to side of uterus. It is a fibrous band of tissue that lies within the broad ligament

Question 4

round ligament

Answer 4

and attaches to labia majora

Question 5

where is the ova(egg) fertilised

Answer 5

upper part of the fallopian tube

Question 6

describe fallopian tube/ mullerian duct

Answer 6

tubes are ciliated on their luminal side and leads to uterus which is where implantation of the morula happens

Question 7

morula

Answer 7

solid ball of cells caused by cell division from fertilisation of egg with sperm

Question 8

uterus shape for humans

Answer 8

pear shape - single i.e simplex

we usually only have one baby at a time

Question 9

uterus shape for most mammals

Answer 9

bipartite 1 cervix prominent uterine body e.g cat, dogs or

bicornuate 1 cervix for a small body - pigs

Question 10

3 layers of uterus

Answer 10

perimetrium (outer)
myometrium (middle)
endometrium (inner)

Question 11

perimetrium

Answer 11

covers outside of uterus - thin lining continuous with the mesothelium

Question 12

myometrium

Answer 12

inside is a thick muscular myometrium, of smooth muscle

Question 13

endometrium

Answer 13

forms a glandular inner layer richly supplied with blood vessels; a simple columnar epithelium lines the lumen;

Question 14

lining of vagina is made of …

Answer 14

stratified squamous epithelium resting on basement membrane

Question 15

lamina propria of vagina

Answer 15

under epithelium is a layer of lamina propria, which is rich in elastic fibres, and does not have any glands
Under the lamina propria layer is a layer of smooth muscle, which has an inner circular and outer longitudinal layer.

Question 16

external genitalia during fetal development

Answer 16

with a genital tubercle, a urogenital sinus, and two folds;

Question 17

genital tubercle development in males

Answer 17

extends to become the penis

Question 18

how does urogenital sinus develop for males

Answer 18

Urogenital sinus closes along its base and the folds join to form the scrotal sac

Question 19

function of scrotal or perineal raphe

Answer 19

the scrotal or perineal raphe (i.e. midline of scrotum) mark the position of closure to form the scrotal sac

Question 20

genital tubercle development for females

Answer 20

remains relatively small as the clitoris*

Question 21

urogenital sinus development for females

Answer 21

Urogenital sinus forms vaginal and urethral orifices

Question 22

how does genital folds develop in females

Answer 22

remain open as the inner and outer folds respectively the labia minora and labia majora

Question 23

bartholins glands

Answer 23

bulbo-urethral
comparable to cowper’s glands in males
supply mucus for lubrication empty it in vestibule of vagina

Question 24

germinal epithelium

Answer 24

covering of ovaries by a single layer of cuboidal epithelial cells continuous with the mesothelium - does not make the egg

Question 25

tunica albuginea

Answer 25

originates from the mesonephric stroma that penetrates the ovary thick connective tissue capsule of the ovary

Question 26

formation of primordial folllicle

Answer 26

in early fetal life germ cells move to genital ridge from yolk sac to make primordial follicle containing oögonia)

Question 27

when do humans develop primordial follicle

Answer 27

In humans they start to develop between weeks 4 and 8 and are present in the fetus between weeks 5 and 30

Question 28

describe oogonia's function and how it is made

Answer 28

the ova are formed in the ovary from cells called oogonia which proliferate by mitotic division. All of the oogonia enlarge to form primary oocyte are in the primordial follicle

Question 29

primordial follicles divide by

Answer 29

meiosis

Question 30

what do primordial follicles contain

Answer 30

primary oöcytes arrested in diplotene of prophase in the first meiotic division;

Question 31

how many primordial follicles may complete oogenesis during a woman's life

Answer 31

450-500

Question 32

how many follicles may be activated at each ovarian cycle and how many reach full maturity

Answer 32

20 may be activated by usually one reaches full maturity

Question 33

how many follicles are present at birth

Answer 33

500,000 to 1 million follicles present at birth

Question 34

how do granulosa cells hep development of primordial follicle

Answer 34

secrete follicular fluid and accumulates in follicular cavities developing within granulosa layer - continues to grow -> secondary follicle antrum (vacant space) begins to form

Question 35

theca layer

Answer 35

theca externa - (outer layer of stromal cells and collagen fibres theca interna - vascular layer secrete oestrogen covering layer of primordial follicle

Question 36

what is formed in the ovary after 2 weeks

Answer 36

graafian follicle - bulges on ovarian surface and burst to release ovulateed secondary oocyte

Question 37

3 cellular layers surrounding antrum

Answer 37

membrane granulosa theca interna theca externa

Question 38

cumulus oöphorus;

Answer 38

bulge of membrana granulosa cells in the antrum in primordial follicle

Question 39

how does egg get rid of extra genetic material

Answer 39

graafian follicle before ovulation complete meiosis I to make 2 haploid cells of unequal ce;; 1. first polar body - discarded nuclear material. 2. secondary oocyte - receives most cytoplasm begin meiosis II but then stops in metaphase.

Question 40

ovulation

Answer 40

release of secondary oöcyte from the ovary

Question 41

remaining cavity that contained secondary oöcyte forms..

Answer 41

corpus luteum which begins secreting hormones in preparation for pregnancy

Question 42

cervical cancer

Answer 42

from malignancy of epithelial cells of cervix | most common form of female cancer

Question 43

how is cervical cancer detected

Answer 43

pap smear to detect early stage

Question 44

endometriosis

Answer 44

inflammation of endometrial tissue in the uterus tissue grows atypically in pelvic cavity abnormal uterine or rectal bleeding can occur

Question 45

ovarian cysts

Answer 45

build up of fluid in ovary to form a cyst controlled by varying hormone may disappear or enlarge surgery may be needed if severe but can go away generally non-malignant