Mock gaps Flashcards
(14 cards)
haloalkane to nitrile reagents
sodium cyanide (a source of the cyanide ion) dissolved in ethanol. why? to prevent nucleophilic substitution of H2O
carbonyl to hydroxynitrile reagents
Sodium Cyanide (NaCN) in acid/H+ or HCN
acid anhydride and alcohol
ester and carboxylic acid (can you draw some examples 😘)
why does phenol react more readily with Cl2 for example… 3 points
- lone pair on oxygen is partially delocalised into delocalised pi system
- this increases its electron density
- can attract or accet electrophiles more easily
used to reduce carbonyls
NaBH
⁴
used to reduce nitrobenzene
Sn and HCl
phenol and bromine
forms white ppt (tribromophenol)
why are there diff rates if hydrolysis for R Cl and R Br
c- Cl bond enthalpy greater (more energy req to break this bond)
Photodegradable polymers?
Contain light-sensitive carbonyl groups that absorb UV light, weakening nearby bonds and causing the polymer to fragment into smaller pieces.
Entropy
a measure of disorder of a system/ a measure of dispersal of energy
why is first ionisation of He greater than that of Li
electrons are in a lower energy level closer to the nuclei and therefore the atomic radii is smaller
what does a buffer sol have
the conjugate base for the acid- only partially neutralised (still some H+ ions left)