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Microbiology > MOCK MC EXAM IMMUNOLOGY > Flashcards

MOCK MC EXAM IMMUNOLOGY Flashcards

1
Q

Which of the following cell types is responsible for presenting antigens to T cells?

a) B cells
b) Macrophages
c) Neutrophils
d) Natural Killer cells

A

b) Macrophages

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2
Q

What is the primary function of antibodies?

a) Phagocytosis
b) Cell-mediated cytotoxicity
c) Antigen presentation
d) Binding to and neutralizing pathogens

A

d) Binding to and neutralizing pathogens

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3
Q

Which immunoglobulin class is involved in allergic reactions?

a) IgA
b) IgD
c) IgE
d) IgM

A

c) IgE

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4
Q

Which of the following statements about the MHC (major histocompatibility complex) is correct?

a) MHC I is expressed on the surface of all nucleated cells.
b) MHC II is primarily involved in presenting intracellular antigens.
c) MHC I presents exogenous antigens to CD4+ T cells.
d) MHC II is involved in presenting endogenous antigens to CD8+ T cells.

A

a) MHC I is expressed on the surface of all nucleated cells.

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5
Q

What is the primary role of cytotoxic T cells?

a) Producing antibodies
b) Activating B cells
c) Killing infected cells
d) Presenting antigens to helper T cells

A

c) Killing infected cells

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6
Q

Which of the following is an example of a secondary lymphoid organ?

a) Liver
b) Kidney
c) Spleen
d) Pancreas

A

c) Spleen

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7
Q

Which cytokine is involved in promoting inflammation and attracting immune cells to the site of infection?

a) Interleukin-2 (IL-2)
b) Interleukin-4 (IL-4)
c) Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha (TNF-α)
d) Interferon-gamma (IFN-γ)

A

c) Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha (TNF-α)

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8
Q

What is the primary function of dendritic cells in the immune system?

a) Antibody production
b) Phagocytosis of pathogens
c) Antigen presentation
d) Cytotoxic activity

A

c) Antigen presentation

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9
Q

Which of the following is a characteristic of the adaptive immune response?

a) Rapid response to previously encountered pathogens
b) Non-specific recognition of pathogens
c) Memory for specific pathogens
d) Immediate response to any pathogen

A

c) Memory for specific pathogens

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10
Q

Which immunoglobulin is the first to be produced during an immune response?

a. IgA
b. IgG
c. IgM
d. IgE

A

c. IgM

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11
Q

Which cytokine is involved in promoting inflammation?

a. Interleukin-2
b. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α)
c. Interferon-gamma
d. Transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β)

A

b. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α)

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12
Q

Who is credited with developing the first smallpox vaccine?

a. Louis Pasteur
b. Edward Jenner
c. Robert Koch
d. Paul Ehrlich

A

b. Edward Jenner

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13
Q

The discovery of antibodies is often attributed to:

a. Elie Metchnikoff
b. Emil von Behring
c. Jonas Salk
d. Albert Calmette

A

b. Emil von Behring

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14
Q

The concept of immunological memory was proposed by:

a. Jules Bordet
b. Robert Koch
c. Paul Ehrlich
d. Albert Calmette

A

c. Paul Ehrlich

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15
Q

The process by which immune cells engulf and destroy extracellular pathogens is called:

a. Phagocytosis
b. Endocytosis
c. Pinocytosis
d. Apoptosis

A

a. Phagocytosis

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16
Q

What is the role of the complement system in the immune response?

a. Antibody production
b. Phagocytosis
c. Inflammation
d. All of the above

A

d. All of the above

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17
Q

The principle of immunization by exposing an individual to a weakened or inactivated pathogen is known as:

a. Active immunity
b. Passive immunity
c. Natural immunity
d. Herd immunity

A

a. Active immunity

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18
Q

Which of the following is NOT a primary function of the complement system?

a) Opsonization
b) Chemotaxis
c) Vasodilation
d) Phagocytosis

A

c) Vasodilation

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19
Q

Which complement pathway is activated by antigen-antibody complexes?

a) Classical pathway
b) Alternative pathway
c) Lectin pathway
d) Intrinsic pathway

A

a) Classical pathway

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20
Q

What is the primary cellular component responsible for producing antibodies?

a) T cells
b) B cells
c) Natural killer cells
d) Macrophages

A

b) B cells

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21
Q

The C3 convertase enzyme is formed in which complement pathway?

a) Classical pathway
b) Alternative pathway
c) Lectin pathway
d) Both a and b

A

d) Both a and b

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22
Q

Which immunoglobulin class is the most abundant in the bloodstream?

a) IgA
b) IgD
c) IgE
d) IgG

A

d) IgG

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23
Q

The process of clonal selection in immunology refers to:

a) The differentiation of T cells into cytotoxic and helper T cells
b) The expansion of a specific B or T cell population in response to an antigen
c) The removal of self-reactive lymphocytes during development
d) The activation of complement proteins

A

b) The expansion of a specific B or T cell population in response to an antigen

24
Q

Which complement component is known for its role in forming the membrane attack complex (MAC)?

a) C1
b) C3
c) C5
d) Factor B

A

c) C5

25
Q

The thymus is responsible for the maturation of:

a) B cells
b) T cells
c) Natural killer cells
d) Macrophages

A

b) T cells

26
Q

The process by which a pathogen is coated with antibodies and complement proteins, making it more susceptible to phagocytosis, is called:

a) Opsonization
b) Chemotaxis
c) Diapedesis
d) Apoptosis

A

a) Opsonization

27
Q

Which of the following is a characteristic feature of the adaptive immune response?

a) Rapid response to pathogens upon first exposure
b) Specificity for a wide range of antigens
c) Lack of immunological memory
d) Predominant role in innate immunity

A

b) Specificity for a wide range of antigens

28
Q

What is the primary function of dendritic cells in the immune system?

a. Phagocytosis
b. Antigen presentation
c. Cytokine production
d. Antibody secretion

A

b. Antigen presentation

..initiating all antigen-specific immune responses

29
Q

What is the role of histamines in the inflammatory response?

a. Inhibit vasodilation
b. Promote vasodilation
c. Enhance phagocytosis
d. Inhibit chemotaxis

A

b. Promote vasodilation

30
Q

What is the function of the complement system in the immune response?

a. Antibody production
b. Cell-mediated immunity
c. Opsonization and lysis of pathogens
d. Phagocytosis

A

c. Opsonization and lysis of pathogens

31
Q

Which cell type is responsible for the production of antibodies?

a. T cells
b. B cells
c. Natural killer cells
d. Monocytes

A

b. B cells

32
Q

Which immunoglobulin is the most abundant in serum?

a. IgA
b. IgD
c. IgG
d. IgM

A

c. IgG

33
Q

What is the primary role of neutrophils in the immune response?

a. Antigen presentation
b. Phagocytosis of bacteria
c. Antibody production
d. Tissue repair

A

b. Phagocytosis of bacteria

34
Q

What is the purpose of the MHC (Major Histocompatibility Complex) molecules?

a. Antigen presentation
b. Antibody production
c. Phagocytosis
d. Cytokine secretion

A

a. Antigen presentation

35
Q

Which cytokine is involved in the recruitment of neutrophils to the site of infection or injury?

a. Interleukin-2 (IL-2)
b. Interleukin-6 (IL-6)
c. Interleukin-8 (IL-8)
d. Interferon-gamma (IFN-γ)

A

c. Interleukin-8 (IL-8)

36
Q

What is the primary function of the spleen in the immune system?

a. Antibody production
b. T cell maturation
c. Phagocytosis
d. Filtration of blood and removal of damaged cells

A

d. Filtration of blood and removal of damaged cells

37
Q

Which of the following is an example of passive immunity?
a. Vaccination
b. Antibiotic treatment
c. Maternal antibodies transferred to a newborn
d. Natural infection

A

c. Maternal antibodies transferred to a newborn

38
Q

What is the function of the thymus in the immune system?
a. Antibody production
b. T cell maturation
c. Phagocytosis
d. Complement activation

A

b. T cell maturation

39
Q

Parasites that infect red blood cells are often targeted by which type of immune response?

a. Cellular immunity
b. Humoral immunity
c. Innate immunity
d. Passive immunity

A

b. Humoral immunity

40
Q

How do antibodies contribute to the process of opsonization?

a. Binding to pathogens and neutralizing them
b. Enhancing phagocytosis by marking pathogens for engulfment
c. Inducing apoptosis in infected cells
d. Inhibiting the release of histamine

A

b. Enhancing phagocytosis by marking pathogens for engulfment

41
Q

What is the primary function of memory B cells in the immune system?

a. Antibody production
b. Antigen presentation
c. Rapid response upon re-exposure to a pathogen
d. Phagocytosis

A

c. Rapid response upon re-exposure to a pathogen

42
Q

What is the mechanism of action of complement proteins in the immune system?

a. Direct killing of pathogens by phagocytosis
b. Activation of B cells
c. Formation of membrane attack complexes leading to cell lysis
d. Inhibition of cytokine production

A

c. Formation of membrane attack complexes leading to cell lysis

43
Q

What is the function of the MHC molecules in the immune system?

a. Recognition of self-antigens
b. Presentation of antigens to T cells
c. Antibody production
d. Activation of B cells

A

b. Presentation of antigens to T cells

44
Q

Which cytokine is important for the activation and proliferation of T cells?

a. Interleukin-4
b. Interferon-gamma
c. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha
d. Interleukin-2

A

d. Interleukin-2

45
Q

Which antibody class is involved in mucosal immunity and protects the respiratory and digestive tracts?
a. IgA
b. IgD
c. IgM
d. IgG

A

a. IgA

46
Q

How do helminth parasites evade the host immune response?

a. Rapid replication
b. Antigenic variation
c. Mimicking host antigens
d. Inhibition of complement activation

A

b. Antigenic variation

47
Q

What is the function of Toll-like receptors in the innate immune system?

a. Antigen presentation
b. Phagocytosis
c. Recognition of pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs)
d. Antibody production

A

c. Recognition of pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs)

48
Q

NF-kb response is associated with which of the follow pattern recognition receptors?

a. NOD
b. TLR4
c. CD8
d. a,b,e
e. TLR3

A

b. TLR4

49
Q

All vertebrate and invertebrate animals possess which immunological characteristics:

a. Pattern recognition receptors
b. Lymphocytes
c. Antibodies
d. Adaptive immune responses
e. Class II MHC

A

a. Pattern recognition receptors

50
Q

Describe the steps required to go from a resting B cell in the lymph node to an antibody-secreting plasma cell.

A
  • DC will present captured whole proteins on their surface via complement receptors to naïve B
    cells in the B cell zone of the lymph node.
  • Smaller soluble antigens can also diffuse to the B cells in lymph nodes via the lymphatics.
  • B cells with the correct antibody will endocytose these antigens, process them and present
    peptide fragments derived from the antigens on class II MHC, which goes to the surface.
  • The B cells will move to the T-B cell zone interface in the lymph node and wait for a T cell with the
    correct specificity to encounter
  • The B cell will activate the T cell via class II MHC/peptide, cytokines and costimulation.
  • The T cell will supply a specific cytokine allowing the B cells to proliferate and class switch
51
Q

How does the complement system contribute to the immune response?

A

The complement system is a group of proteins that enhance the immune response. It can lead to the lysis of pathogens, opsonization (marking pathogens for phagocytosis), and the initiation of inflammatory responses. It acts as a bridge between the innate and adaptive immune systems.

52
Q

What is the role of antigen-presenting cells (APCs) in the immune system?

A

Antigen-presenting cells, including dendritic cells, macrophages, and B cells, capture, process, and present antigens to T cells. This presentation is essential for activating T cells and initiating adaptive immune responses.

53
Q

Explain the concept of passive immunity and provide an example.

A

Passive immunity occurs when an individual receives pre-formed antibodies rather than producing them through their immune system. An example is the transfer of maternal antibodies to a newborn through breast milk, providing temporary protection.

54
Q

Outline the steps involved in the process of antibody class switching.

A

Antibody class switching occurs in B cells and involves changing the constant region of the antibody without changing its specificity. The process is initiated by cytokines, and it results in the production of antibodies with different effector functions (e.g., IgM to IgG) while retaining the same antigen specificity.

55
Q

Mechanisms are in place to ensure that a newly-formed T cell receptor (TCR) does not initiate an immune response against self-antigens. Describe both mechanisms and where they occur.

A
  1. Negative Selection (Central Tolerance):
    - Location: Thymus
    - Mechanism: T cells with TCRs strongly reacting to self-antigens undergo apoptosis during development, preventing autoreactive T cells from maturing.
  2. Peripheral Tolerance Mechanisms:
    - Location: Peripheral tissues
    - Mechanism: Regulatory T cells (Tregs) suppress the activity of potentially harmful autoreactive T cells, preventing immune responses against self-antigens in the periphery.

Microbiology (15 decks)

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