Mocks Flashcards
(90 cards)
1
Q
what phase of the cardiac cycle does the plateau period correspond with?
A
2
2
Q
what phase of the cardiac cycle does the depolarisation of ventricles correspond with?
A
phase 3
3
Q
when are neutrophils released?
A
- bacteria
- acute inflammation
4
Q
when are basophils released?
A
inflammatory reaction
5
Q
when are eosinophils released?
A
parasitic infection
6
Q
when are cytotoxic T-lymphocytes released?
A
acute and chronic infection
7
Q
what is the function of the ductus arteriosus?
A
pulmonary trunk -> aorta (bypass lungs)
8
Q
what does ACh act on?
A
M3 muscarinic
9
Q
what hydrolyses triglycerides?
A
lipoprotein lipase
10
Q
what is oxidative deamination?
A
glutamate -> ammonium
11
Q
odds
A
number of events/number of non-events
12
Q
what are laminae connected by?
A
ligamentum flavum
13
Q
L1 level
A
SMA
14
Q
L2 level
A
renal arteries
15
Q
L3 level
A
IMA
16
Q
what is in the superficial perineal pouch?
A
- erectile tissue of clitoris and penis
- ischiocavernosus
- bulbospongiosus
- superficial transverse perineal muscle
17
Q
what is in the deep perineal pouch in females?
A
- urethra
- external urethral sphincter
- vagina
18
Q
what is in the deep perineal pouch in males?
A
- bulbourethral glands
- deep transverse perineal muscles
19
Q
T4 dermatome
A
nipple
20
Q
T10 dermatome
A
umbilicus
21
Q
L1 dermatome
A
suprapubic region
22
Q
L2 dermatome
A
inguinal region
23
Q
where is desmin found?
A
muscle cells
24
Q
when does the primitive streak appear?
A
week 3
25
what is found at the angle of Louis (~T4)?
- tracheal carina
| - loop of left recurrent laryngeal nerve
26
where do the recurrent laryngeal nerves loop?
left - arch of aorta
| right - right subclavian
27
how long does the cardiac cycle last?
```
PQRS = 0.6s
T = 0.2s
```
-> 0.8s
28
where are purkinje fibres found?
endocardium
29
where are perinuclear hofs found?
plasma cells
30
what is a generator potential?
graded, non-propagated potential changes in sensory end organs
31
what is the primary copper transporter in the blood?
ceruloplasmin
32
what vitamins are stored in the liver?
A
B12
D
K
33
what are the stages of change?
1. pre-contemplation
2. contemplation
3. action
4. maintenance
5. relapse/stable change in lifestyle
34
what are the symptoms of brown-sequard syndrome?
ipsilateral loss of:
- motor
- 2-point discrimination and proprioception
contralateral loss of:
- pain and temperature
35
what are the differences between UMN lesion and LMN lesion?
UMN - hyperreflexia
| LMN - hyporeflexia
36
what acts on Leydig cells?
LH
37
where is erythropoeitin produced?
```
renal cortex
(by interstitial cells)
```
38
which salivary gland is not continuously active?
parotid gland
39
what causes the dicrotic notch?
increased pressure when closing aortic valve due to blood rebounding against valve
40
where are melanocytes found?
stratum basale
41
what is the typical tidal volume in an adult?
500ml
42
what is the typical residual volume / expiratory reserve volume in an adult?
1200ml
43
what is the typical functional residual capacity in an adult?
2400ml
44
what is the typical inspiratory reserve volume in an adult?
3000ml
45
what is the typical total lung capacity in an adult?
5900ml
46
what is the conducting zone?
top of trachea -> end of terminal bronchioles
47
what is the respiratory zone?
respiratory bronchioles -> alveoli
48
what layer of the epidermis is only 1 cell thick?
stratum basale
49
what releases trypsin?
pancreas
50
what releases insulin-like growth factor?
liver
51
what nerve is responsible for the jaw-jerk reflex?
trigeminal
52
what do intrafusal muscle fibres sense?
stretch
| - monitor muscle length & rate of change
53
what are extrafusal muscle innervated by?
alpha motor neurons
54
what is a motor unit?
alpha motor neuron + the extrafusal muscle fibres it innervates
55
what detect change in muscle length and rate of change?
type Ia and type 2 sensory motor fibres
56
what size unit detects fine control?
smaller
57
what is the major cation in the ECF?
Na+
58
are there more type 1 or type 2 pneumocytes and which are bigger?
type 2
59
where does 95% of starch digestion occur?
small intestine
60
what is the effect of cortisol?
inhibits GnRH
61
how many calories are there per unit of alcohol?
64kcal
62
what type of inheritance is associated with haemophilia?
X-linked recessive
63
do males or females generally have a lower BMR?
females
64
what is the function of cholecystokinin?
stimulates the pancreas to release digestive enzymes
65
what is the purpose of the glucose-alanine cycle?
transport ammonium from muscles to liver
66
which ECG leads show the septal/medial view of the heart?
V1 and V2
67
which ECG leads show the anterior view of the heart?
V3 and V4
68
which ECG leads show the lateral view of the heart?
I
aVL
V5 and V6
69
which ECG leads show the inferior view of the heart?
II and III
| aVF
70
what supplies the right ventricle and apex of the heart?
right marginal artery
71
what supplies the posterior 1/3 of the interventricular septum and AV node?
posterior inter-ventricular artery
72
what supplies the right atrium and right ventricle?
right coronary artery
73
what supplies the anterior 2/3 of the interventricular septum and the ventricles?
left anterior descending artery
74
what supplies the left ventricle?
left marginal artery
75
which types of cells generate spontaneous action potentials?
cardiomyocytes (SAN and AVN)
76
where is secretin secreted from and what is its function?
small intestine
| - increases HCO3- secretion to neutralise chyme
77
which nerves carry afferent impulses from peripheral chemoreceptors?
- glossopharyngeal
| - vagus
78
are triglycerides a component of bile?
no
79
what is found posterior to the hepatoduodenal ligament?
epiploic foramen of winslow
80
which ion is used as a co-transporter for the absorption of amino acids?
Na+
81
which ion is used as a co-transporter for the absorption of peptides?
H+
82
where is primarily affected by occlusions of the anterior cerebral artery?
contralateral lower body
83
where is primarily affected by occlusions of the middle cerebral artery?
contralateral upper body
84
what enzyme converts 25-hydroxyvitamin-D3 -> 1,25-diOH-vitaminD and where is it found?
1-alpha-hydroxylase
| kidneys
85
what is the difference between the functions of cholecystokinin and leptin?
both stimulate satiety
CCK - immediately after meals
leptin - long-term weight regulation
86
what is the function of T-type Ca2+ channels?
initiate action potential in SAN and AVN
| T=trigger
87
what is the function of L-type Ca2+ channels?
maintain action potentials in SAN and AVN
| L=longer
88
what is the function of the Na+ uniporter in the heart?
depolarisation
89
what is the function of funny Na+ channels in the heart?
open when there is a negative voltage
- slow K+ outflow
- slow Na+ inflow
90
what is the function of ryanodine receptor 2 in the heart?
release Ca2+ from sarcoplasmic reticulum
