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cell and molecular bio mod 1 > mod 1 > Flashcards

mod 1 Flashcards

(98 cards)

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1
Q

4 most common elements of living organisms

A

Carbon, Oxygen,Hydrogen,Nitrogen

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2
Q

nucleus

A

center of atom and contains protons and neutrons

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3
Q

outermost region of atom

A

holds electrons in orbit around the nucleus

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4
Q

atomic number

A

the number of protons

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5
Q

atomic mass

A

the mass of the atom, roughly equal to number of protons and neutrons

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6
Q

how to calculate the number of neutrons in an element

A

subtracting the atomic number from the atomic mass

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7
Q

what are isotopes

A

forms of an element with different number of neutrons, and thus different mass numbers

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8
Q

atoms with neutral charge.
number of protons=
number of electrons=

A

protons= number of electrons
electrons= number of protons

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9
Q

what are orbits

A

electrons shells or energy levels

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10
Q

what are reactants

A

substances used at beginning of reaction

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11
Q

what are products

A

substances formed at the end of the reaction

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12
Q

what is an irreversible reaction

A

proceeds in one direction until all the reactants are used up

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13
Q

what is a reversible reaction

A

reactants are converted to products but some product can be converted back to reactant

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14
Q

ionic bonds

A

atoms give up or gain electrons

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15
Q

polar covalent bonds

A

electrons are unequally shared by the atoms and attracted more to one nucleus than the other. example water

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16
Q

non-polar covalent bonds

A

electrons are equally shared by the atom. example methane

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17
Q

what are hydrogen bonds.

A

interactions between the + of hydrogen and the - of a more electronegative atom on another molecule- often occurs between water molecules.

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18
Q

Van der Waals interactions

A

weak attractions or interactions between two or more molecules (in close proximity) due to changes in electron density

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19
Q

liquid water

A

hydrogen bonds are constantly made, broken and remade

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20
Q

gas

A

water is heated the increased kinetic energy of water causes hydrogen bonds to break and water molecules escape into air as gas

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21
Q

solid water

A

temperature is lowered and a crystalline structure is maintained

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22
Q

what is heat capacity

A

specific heat capacity refers to the amount of heat one gram of a substance must absorb in order to raise its temperature one degree celsius.

it takes a long time for water to heat up and cool down

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23
Q

heat vaporization

A

the amount of energy required to change one gram of a liquid substance to gas

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24
Q

can ions and polar molecules dissolve in water

A

yes

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25
is water a solvent
yes
26
what are the compounds that dissolved or mixed in with water
a solute
27
What is cohesion
water molecules of the liquid-gas interface sick together due to hydrogen bonds
28
What is surface tension
the capacity of a substance to withstand being ruptured when placed under tension or stress
29
What is adhesion
an attraction between water molecules and other molecules
30
what is carbon
a key component of macromolecules (proteins, carbohydrate, lipids and nucleic acids)
31
What are hydrocarbons
the energy that is released is what heats our homes and powers our cars
32
do singe bonds rotate
yes, found in ethane
33
can double bonds rotate
no they cannot, so atoms are on either side and are locked in place
34
isomers
molecules that have the same chemical formula but differ in placement of atoms or types of bonds between atoms
35
structural isomers
have a different covalent arrangement of atoms
36
geometric isomers
have a different arrangement of atoms around a double bond
37
enantiomers
molecules that share chemical formulas and bonds but differ in the 3D placement of atoms. they are mirror images
38
trans configuration carbons are
on opposite sides of double bond
39
cis configuration carbons are
on the same side double bonds
40
functional groups
groups of atoms within a molecule that confer consistent specific properties to the molecules
41
hydroxyl group
polar
42
methyl group
nonpolar
43
carbonyl group
polar
44
carboxyl
charged, can release H+ ions. since they can do that they are considered acidic
45
amino
charged. accepts H+ to form NH+3. since they can remove H+ from solutions they are considered basic
46
phosphate
charged. releases H+ so they are considered acidic
47
sulfhydryl
polar
48
aldoses
carbonyl group at the end of the carbon chain
49
ketoses
carbonyl group in the middle of the carbon chain
50
trioses
three carbons
51
pentoses
five carbons
52
hexoses
six carbons
53
glucose
important source of energy
54
galactose
part of lactoses/ milk sugar
55
fructose
part of sucrose/fruit
56
polysaccharides
long chain of monosaccharides joined by glycosidic linkages
57
the types of linkage that join monomers
a 1-4 glycosidic bonds a 1-6 glycosidic bonds
58
amylose
unbranched glucose monomers in a 1-4 glycosidic bonds
59
amylopectin
branched glucose monomers in a 1-4 and a 1-6 glycosidic bonds
60
lipids
are a diverse group of non-polar hydrocarbons
61
lipids functions
long term energy stores. provide insulation for plants and animals. building for blocks for some hormones. important component of cellular membranes.
62
types of lipids
fats, oils, wasxes, phospholipids, steroids
63
triacylglycerol
fromed by joing three fatty acids to a glycerol backbone
64
saturated fatty acid
pack tightly and exist as solids at room temp (butter)
65
unsaturated fatty acids
liquid at room temp (oil)
66
cis configuration
hydrogen on same side of chain
67
trans configuration
hydrogen on opposite side of chain
68
proteins
most abundant organic molecules
69
proteins functions
regulatory, protective, and structural functions, transport, enzymes, toxins
70
catabolic enzymes
breakdown substrates
71
anabolic enzymes
build more complex molecules
72
catalytic enzymes
affect the rate of reaction
73
digestive enzymes
Help in the digestion of food by catabolizing nutrients into monomeric units (ex. Amylase, lipase, pepsin, trypsin)
74
transport enzymes
Carry substances in the blood or lymph throughout the body (ex. hemoglobin, albumin)
75
structural enzymes
construct different structures like the cytoskeleton (ex. actin, tubulin, keratin)
76
hormone proteins
Coordinate the activity of different body systems (ex. insulin, thyroxine)
77
defense proteins
Protect the body from foreign pathogens (ex. immunoglobulins)
78
contractile proteins
effect muscle contraction (ex. actin, myosin)
79
storage proteins
provide nourishment in early development of the embryo and the seedling (ex. legme storage proteins, egg whites (albumin))
80
primary structure protein
sequence of a chain of amino acids
81
secondary protein structure
hydrogen bonding of the peptide backbone causes the amino acids to fold into a repeating pattern
82
tertiary protein structre
3D folding pattern of a protien due to side chanin interactions
83
quaternary protein structure
protein consisting of more than one amino acid chain
84
location of nucleic acids
nucleus of eukaryotic cells, mitochondria,chloroplast, prokaryotic cells
85
chromatin
complex of DNA and histone proteins
86
chromosomes
threadlike stuctures containing tightly wound and packed chromatin
87
DNA function
carries genetic information
88
RNA function
involved in protein synthesis
89
DNA location
remains in the nucleus
90
RNA location
leaves the nucleus
91
DNA structure
double helix
92
RNA structure
single stranded
93
DNA sugar
deoxyribose
94
RNA sugar
ribose
95
DNA pyrimidines
cytosine, thymine
96
RNA pyrimidines
cytosine, uracil
97
DNA purines
adenine, guanine
98
RNA purines
adenine, guanine

cell and molecular bio mod 1 (1 decks)

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