MOD 1 Flashcards
(132 cards)
1
Q
combine to form cells, the basic structural and functional units of an
organism.
A
Molecules
2
Q
are the smallest living units in the human body.
A
cells
3
Q
are groups of cells -
perform a particular function
A
Tissues
4
Q
- Fluid-mosaic lipid bilayer (phospholipids, cholesterol, and glycolipids) studded w/
proteins; surrounds cytoplasm.
A
PLASMA MEMBRANE
5
Q
PLASMA MEMBRANE FX
A
o Protects
o contact w other cells
o Contains channels, transporters, receptors, enzymes, cell-identity markers, and
linker proteins
o Mediates entry and exit of subs
6
Q
CYTOPLASM
A
Consists all cellular contents between the plasma membrane and the nucleus
7
Q
two components OF CYTOPLASM:
A
CYTOSOL (INTRACELLULAR FLUID) = 55% of total cell volume ; cell metabolic rxn occur
ORGANELLES = little organs; surrounded by cytosol
8
Q
CYTOSKELETON
A
Network of 3 types of protein filaments: microfilaments,
intermediate filaments, and microtubules
- Maintain shape & gen cell orgz ; resp for cell movements.
9
Q
CELL PARTS
A
PLASMA MEMB
CYTOPLASM
NUCLEUS
10
Q
CENTROSOME
A
pair of centrioles plus pericentriolar material
- pericentriolar material (tubulins =
growth of mitotic spindle and microtubule formation)
11
Q
cell mobility w 20 microtubules
and a basal body.
A
CILIA AND FLAGELLA
12
Q
CILIA VS FLAGELLA
A
Cilia = move fluids over a cell’s surface;
flagella = move entire
cell.
13
Q
Responsible for protein synthesis
RNA & PROTEINS
A
RIBOSOME
14
Q
Membranous network of flattened sacs or tubules.
A
ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM (ER)
15
Q
Covered by ribosomes
attached to: nuclear
envelope
o Synthesizes glycoproteins and phospholipids
(transferred to cell orgs, inserted into the
plasma membrane, or secreted during exocytosis.)
A
Rough ER
16
Q
Synthesizes fatty acids and steroids;
inactivates/ detox drugs;
removes the phosphate group from
glucose-6-phosphate;
stores and releases calcium
ions in muscle cells
A
Smooth ER
17
Q
3–20 flattened membranous sacs called cisternae;
A
GOLGI COMPLEX
18
Q
PARTS OF GOLGI C
A
Entry (cis) face = accepts proteins from rough ER;
medial cisternae = form glycoproteins, glycolipids, and lipoproteins;
exit (trans) face = modifies mols further, then sorts and
packages them for transport to their destinations
19
Q
- formed from Golgi complex; contains digestive
enzymes. - Fuses & digests endosomes contents , pinocytic
vesicles, and phagosomes
transports final products of
digestion into cytosol; digests worn-out organelles
(autophagy), entire cells (autolysis), and extracellular materials.
A
LYSOSOME
20
Q
- Vesicle containing oxidases (oxidative enzymes) and catalase
(decomposes hydrogen peroxide); - Oxidizes amino acids and fatty acids;
detox harmful
substances (alcohol)
produces hydrogen peroxide.
A
PEROXISOME
21
Q
- Tiny barrel-shaped structure
contains: proteases
(proteolytic enzymes)
- Degrades unneeded, damaged, or faulty proteins
(by cutting into small peptides.)
A
PROTEASOME
22
Q
- “Powerhouse of the cell”
- Consists : outer and an inner mitochondrial membrane
cristae, and matrix; - Site of aerobic cellular respiration rxn (produce most ATP)
A
MITOCHONDRION
23
Q
- houses cell’s DNA
A
NUCLEUS
24
Q
hereditary units - control
most aspects of cellular structure and function
A
genes
25
2 TYPES OF CELL DIVISION
somatic cell division = BODY ; TISSUE GROWTH (DEAD CELLS)
reproductive cell division = produce : GERM CELL / GAMETE ; MEIOSIS (chromosome# reducedbyhalf)
26
mitos
=thread
27
BODY CELL NUCLEAR DIVISION
mitosis
28
cytoplasmic division
cytokinesis
29
RESULT OF soma div
2 DIPLOID
23 pairs
46 chromosomes
30
Period
between cell
divisions;
chromosomes
not visible
under light
microscope
Interphase
31
Parent cell
produces
identical cells
with identical
chromosomes;
chromosomes
visible under
light
microscope.
Mitotic
32
SOMATIC DIV CYCLE
I. INTERPHASE
- G1
- S
- S2
II. MITOTIC PHASE
- MITOSIS - PMAT
- CYTOKINESIS
33
GERM DIV CYCLE
MEIOSIS I - P1M1A1T1
MEIOSIS II - P2M2A2T2
34
RESULT OF GERM CELL DIV
4 HAPLOID (23 CHROMOSOME EACH)
35
Cells that remain in the G1 phase for
a very long time, and possibly never
divide again
G0 phase
36
- Metabolically active cell duplicates
organelles and cytosolic components
- Replication of chromosomes begins.
G1 phase
37
- Replication of DNA and centrosomes.
S phase
38
- Cell growth, enzyme and protein
synthesis continue
- Replication of centrosomes complete.
G2 phase
39
- Nuclear
division;
distribution of
two sets of
chromosomes
into separate
nuclei.
Mitosis
40
Chromatin fibers condense into paired
chromatids;
nucleolus and nuclear
envelope disappear;
each centrosome
moves to an opposite pole of the cell.
Prophase
41
- Centromeres of chromatid pairs line
up at metaphase plate.
Metaphase
42
- Centromeres split
- Identical sets of chromosomes move
to opposite poles of cell.
Anaphase
43
- Nuclear envelopes and nucleoli
reappear;
chromosomes resume
chromatin form;
mitotic spindle
disappears.
Telophase
44
Cytoplasmic division;
contractile ring
forms cleavage furrow around center
of cell, dividing cytoplasm into
separate and equal portions.
Cytokinesis
45
mei-
-osis
= lessening
= condition of
46
two sister chromatids of each pair of homologous
chromosomes pair off,
synapsis;
47
resulting 4 chromatids form a structure called
tetrad
48
exchange bn (genetically different) chromatids
crossing-over
49
- Covers body surfaces and lines hollow
organs, body cavities, and ducts.
- forms glands.
- never covered by another tissue= free surface
has its own nerve supply, -but is avascular
epithelium
50
Exchange of substances
between epithelium and connective tissue
occurs by
diffusion
51
(EPITHELIUM) blood vessels that bring in nutrients & remove wastes are located in the
adjacent connective tissue
52
2 TYPES OF EPITHELIAL TISSUE
Covering and lining epithelium
Glandular epithelium
53
OUTER COVERING: SKIN
INNER COVERING: BVS, ducts, body cavities, interior of the respiratory,
digestive, urinary, reproductive systems.
Covering and lining epithelium
54
the secreting portion of glands
such as :
thyroid gland,
adrenal glands,
sweat glands.
Glandular epithelium
55
Arrangement of cells in layers
Simple epithelium
Pseudostratified epithelium
Stratified epithelium
56
Cell shapes
Squamous cells
Cuboidal cells
Columnar cells
Transitional cells
57
Single layer of cells
FX: diffusion, osmosis, filtration,
secretion, or absorption
Simple epithelium
58
Pseudo=
false
59
multiple layers of cells- nuclei
lie at diff levels
not all cells reach the apical surface
all its cells rest on the basement membrane.
Pseudostratified epithelium
60
Stratum=
layer
61
two or more layers of cells
protect underlying
tissues in loc (wear and tear)
Stratified epithelium
62
Arranged like floor tiles
thin -rapid passage of subs
Squamous cells
63
tall, wide , cubes or hexagons.
* have microvilli at apical surface
FX: secretion /absorption.
Cuboidal cells
64
taller > wide, protect underlying tissues.
apical surfaces = cilia or microvilli
specialized for secretion and absorption
Columnar cells
65
Change shape
Transitional cells
66
Lines: heart, bvs, lymphatic vessels, air sacs of lungs, (Bowman’s) capsule of
kidneys, (eardrum);
Forms: epithelial layer of serous membranes (peritoneum,
pericardium, and pleura.)
FX: Filtration, diffusion, osmosis, secretion
SIMPLE
SQUAMOUS
EPITHELIUM
67
Covers: surface of ovary, lines ant surface of capsule of the lens of the
eye,
Forms : pigmented post surface of eye, lines kidney tubules,
smaller ducts of glands (pancreas),
secreting portion of some
glands (thyroid gland)
FX: - Secretion and absorption.
SIMPLE
CUBOIDAL
EPITHELIUM
68
- Lines GIT, ducts of many
glands, and gallbladder
- Secretion and
absorption.
NONCILIATED
SIMPLE
COLUMNAR
EPITHELIUM
69
- Lines some bronchioles, (fallopian)
tubes, uterus, efferent ducts
of the testes, some
paranasal sinuses, central
canal of spinal cord, and
ventricles of the brain.
- Moves mucus and other subs by
ciliary action.
CILIATED
SIMPLE
COLUMNAR
EPITHELIUM
70
- Keratinized variety forms
superficial layer of skin;
nonkeratinized variety: lines
wet surfaces, ( lining
of the mouth, esophagus, part
of larynx, part of pharynx,vagina,
Covers the tongue
- Protection.
PSEUDOSTR-ATIFIED
COLUMNAR
EPITHELIUM
71
Ducts of adult sweat glands
and esophageal glands and
part of male urethra.
- Protection and
limited secretion
and absorption.
STRATIFIED
CUBOIDAL
EPITHELIUM
72
Lines : part of urethra, excretory ducts of some glands,(esophageal
glands) , small areas in anal
mucous membrane, and
conjunctiva of the eye.
- Protection and
secretion.
STRATIFIED
COLUMNAR
EPITHELIUM
73
SQUAMOUS TO CUBOIDAL
Lines urinary bladder and
portions of ureters and
urethra
- Permits
distension.
TRANSITIONAL
EPITHELIUM
74
- Secretory products
(hormones) diffuse into
blood after passing
thru interstitial fluid
- Ex: pituitary
gland, pineal gland, thyroid
and parathyroid glands, adrenal
glands, pancreas ,ovaries, testes, and
thymus.
- Produce hormones that regulate various
body activities.
ENDOCRINE
GLANDS
75
- Secretory products released - ducts.
- Sweat, oil, and earwax
glands of the skin;
digestive glands such as
salivary glands, secrete -
mouth cavity,
and pancreas,- SI
- Produce subs such as sweat, oil,
earwax, saliva, or digestive enzymes.
EXOCRINE
GLANDS
76
TYPES OF TISSUES
EPITHELIAL
CONNECTIVE TISSUE
MUSCULAR TISSUE
NERVOUS TISSUE
77
Protects and supports the body and its organs.
fx: bind organs together, store energy reserves as fat, and help provide immunity
CONNECTIVE TISSUE
78
TYPES OF CONNECTIVE T.
LOOSE CONNECTIVE TISSUE
DENSE CT
CARTILAGE CT
BONE T
LIQUID CT
79
- Consists of fibers (collagen,
elastic, and reticular) and
sev cells (fibroblasts, macrophages,
plasma cells, adipocytes,
and mast cells) embedded
in a semifluid ground
substance.
- Subcutaneous layer deep to skin; papillary (superficial) region of
dermis of skin; lamina propria of mucous
membranes; and around bvs, nerves, and body organs.
- Strength, elasticity, and support.
AREOLAR
CONNECTIVE
TISSUE
80
Consists :adipocytes,
cells store triglycerides (fats) as a large
centrally located droplet;
nucleus and cytoplasm are
peripherally located.
- Subcutaneous layer deep to skin, around
heart and kidneys, yellow bone marrow, and padding around joints
and behind eyeball in eye socket.
- Reduces heat loss
THRU skin, energy reserve, supports, and protects.
-newborns: brown adipose tissue generates considerable heat =maintain
proper body temperature.
ADIPOSE
TISSUE
81
- A network of interlacing
reticular fibers and reticular
cells
- Stroma (supporting framework) of liver, spleen, lymph nodes; red bone marrow;
reticular lamina ;
and around blood
vessels and muscles.
- Forms: stroma of organs; binds together smooth muscle tissue cells;
filters and removes: worn-out blood
cells in the spleen and microbes in lymph nodes.
RETICULAR
CONNECTIVE
TISSUE
82
- Extracellular matrix looks
shiny white; consists of collagen fibers regularly arranged in bundles;
fibroblasts present in rows
between bundles
- Forms tendons (attach
muscle to bone), most
ligaments (attach bone
to bone), and
aponeuroses (sheet-like
tendons that attach muscle to muscle or
muscle to bone)
- Provides strong attachment bn structures.
DENSE
REGULAR
CONNECTIVE
TISSUE
83
- Consists : collagen fiber and a few
fibroblasts
- Fasciae (tissue beneath skin and around muscles and other organs), reticular (deeper) region of dermis of skin,
periosteum of bone, perichondrium of
cartilage, joint capsules, membrane capsules around various organs
(kidneys, liver, testes, lymph nodes),
pericardium of the heart, and heart valves.
- Provides strength.
DENSE
IRREGULAR
CONNECTIVE
TISSUE
84
- Consists: freely branching elastic
fibers; fibroblasts are present
in spaces between fibers.
- Lung tissue, walls of elastic arteries, trachea, bronchial tubes, true vocal cords, suspensory ligament of penis, and some ligaments bn vertebrae
- Allows stretching of various organs
ELASTIC
CONNECTIVE
TISSUE
85
- Consists: bluish-white,
shiny ground substance w/
thin, fine collagen fibers and
many chondrocytes; most
abundant type of cartilage.
- Ends of long bones, ant ends of ribs,
nose, parts of larynx, trachea, bronchi,
bronchial tubes, and embryonic and
fetal skeleton.
- Provides smooth surfaces for movement at joints, flexibility and support.
HYALINE
CARTILAGE
86
- Consists of chondrocytes scattered among thick bundles of collagen fibers
within the extracellular matrix.
- Pubic symphysis (point
where hip bones join anteriorly), intervertebral discs (discs between
vertebrae), menisci (cartilage pads) of knee,
and portions of tendons that insert into cartilage.
- Support and fusion.
FIBROCARTILAGE
87
- Consists of chondrocytes loc in a threadlike network of elastic fibers within the extracellular matrix.
- Lid on top of larynx (epiglottis),
(auricle), and auditory
(eustachian) tubes
- Gives support and
maintains shape
ELASTIC
CARTILAGE
88
consists: osteons (haversian systems) that contain lamellae, lacunae, osteocytes, canaliculi, and central (haversian) canals.
By contrast, spongy bone tissue consists of thin columns called trabeculae; spaces between trabeculae are filled with red bone marrow
- Support, protection, storage;
houses blood- forming tissue;
serves as levers that act with muscle tissue to enable movement.
COMPACT
BONE
89
- Consists: blood plasma
and formed elements: RBC (erythrocytes),
WBC (leukocytes), and platelets (thrombocytes).
- Within blood vessels (arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins) and within the chambers of the heart
- RBC - transport oxygen and CO2;
WBC- phagocytosis and allergic rxn and immune system responses;
platelets- essential clotting of blood.
BLOOD
90
3 types of muscular tissue
skeletal, cardiac, and smooth.
91
Consists of elongated cells
FX: protect; produces body movements, maintains posture, and generates heat.
MUSCULAR TISSUE
92
- Long, cylindrical, striated fibers with many
peripherally located nuclei; voluntary control.
- Usually attached to bones by tendons.
- Motion, posture, heat production, and
protection.
SKELETAL
MUSCLE
TISSUE
93
- Branched striated fibers w one or two centrally located nuclei; contains
intercalated discs;
involuntary control
- Pumps blood to body.
CARDIAC
MUSCLE
TISSUE
94
- Spindle-shaped (thickest in middle and tapering at both ends), nonstriated fibers with one centrally located nucleus; involuntary control.
- Iris of the eyes, walls of hollow internal structures such as blood vessels, airways
to the lungs, stomach, intestines, GB , UB, and uterus.
- Motion (constriction of blood vessels and airways, propulsion of foods through GIT, contraction of UB and GB).
SMOOTH
MUSCLE
TISSUE
95
Detects changes in a variety of conditions inside and outside the body and responds
by generating action potentials (nerve impulses)
that activate muscular contractions and glandular secretions.
NERVOUS TISSUE
96
- Consists of neurons (nerve cells) and neuroglia.
Neurons consist of a cell body and processes extending from the cell body (multiple dendrites and a single axon).
Neuroglia do not generate or conduct nerve impulses but have other important supporting
functions.
- Exhibits sensitivity to various
types of stimuli, converts
stimuli - nerve impulses
(action potentials)- to other neurons, muscle fibers, or glands.
NERVOUS TISSUE
97
bridge of the nose
midline bony depression bn eyes (frontal and two
nasal bones meet)
NASION
98
Smooth midline bony prominence between the supraciliary arches of the
frontal bone,
representing the most anterior part of the forehead when
standing erect and looking straight ahead.
more pronounced in males.
Glabella
99
Where the eyelids meet near the nose
Inner Canthus
100
Lateral junction of the eyelids
Outer Canthus
101
Midline point at the junction of the upper lip and the nasal septum; point
where the nose and the upper lip meet
Acanthion
102
Angle of the mandible
Gonion
103
A triangular area projecting forward at the center of the chin
(mentum).
Mental point
104
opening of the external ear canal
EAM
105
Superior attachment of the auricle
TEA
106
Rise or bump along the midline of the lower back of the head near the junction of
the head and neck
Inion/External occipital protuberance
107
External occipital protuberance
Inion
108
Top portion of the head
Vertex
109
C1
Mastoid tip
110
C2 C3
Gonion (angle of mandible)
111
C3 C4
Hyoid bone
112
C5
Thyroid cartilage
113
C7, T1
Vertebra prominens
114
T1
Approx 2 '' above the level of jugular notch
115
T2 T3
Level of jugular notch
116
T4 T5
Level of sternal angle
117
T9 T10
Level of xiphoid process
118
T7
Level of inferior angles of scapulae
119
L2 L3
Inferior costal margin
120
L4 L5
Level of most superior aspect of iliac crests
121
S1 S2
Level of anterior superior iliac spines (ASIS)
122
Coccyx
Level of pubic symphysis and greater trochanters
123
RADIOGRAPHIC LANDMARKS OF
THE UPPER LIMBS
* Acromion process
* Greater tubercle of the humerus
* Medial end of clavicle
* Coracoid process
* Inferior angle of the scapula
* Lateral epicondyle
* Medial epicondyle
* Olecranon process of ulna
* Radial styloid process
* Ulnar styloid process
124
PALPATE : ILIAC CREST
- Because of the heavy muscle immediately above the iliac crest, care
must be exercised in locating this structure to avoid centering errors.
It is advisable to have the patient inhale deeply; while the muscles are
relaxed during expiration, the radiographer should palpate for the
highest point of the iliac crest.
125
- At the end of the iliac crest anteriorly there is a bony prominence
which suddenly dips away distally
ASIS
126
PALPATE : Pubic symphysis
can be palpated on the MSP and
on the same horizontal plane as the greater trochanters.
By placing fingertips at this location and performing a brief downward
palpation with the hand fiat, palm down, and fingers together, the
radiographer can locate the superior margin of the pubic symphysis.
(To avoid possible embarrassment or misunderstanding, the radiographer should advise the patient in advance that palpations are part of normal procedure
127
PALPATE : Greater trochanter of femur
- Can be palpated immediately below the depression in the soft tissues
of the lateral surface of the hip,
is in the same horizontal plane as the
midpoint of the hip joint and the coccyx.
The most prominent point oF the greater trochanter is in the same horizontal plane as the pubic symphysis.
most prominent laterally and more easily palpated when the lower leg is medially rotated
128
PALPATE :Ischial tuberosity
- Palpate at the base of the buttocks.
the curved bone that makes up the bottom of your pelvis.
The gluteus maximus covers the ischial tuberosity when standing. For this reason, the ischial tuberosity is
also known as the sitting bone
129
PALPATE : Tip of coccyx
- Palpate at the very tip of the lower spine
130
SIZE OF
HEAD
NECK
G. TROCHANTER
1.5''
2.5''
2 '''
130
RADIOGRAPHIC LANDMARKS OF THE LOWER LIMBS
* Greater trochanter
* Medial and Lateral femoral condyles
* Medial and Lateral femoral epicondyles
* Patella
* Tibial tuberosity
* Medial Malleolus
* Lateral Malleolus
* Calcaneus
* Metatarsals
131
