RANDOM BLACBOOK Flashcards
(106 cards)
1
Q
What is anatomy?
A
sci - sructure - reln to its parts
2
Q
What constitutes structure?
A
skeleton- bony framework
protects- gives shape- plsce for attachment
3
Q
What is physiology
A
study of fx
4
Q
What is a tissue
A
grp / layer of similar specialized cells - perform specialized fx
5
Q
histology
A
study of strcture / arrange of tissues
6
Q
CLASSIFICATION OF TISSUES
A
epithelial
connective
muscular
nervous
7
Q
continuous layer - cover body surface / lining body cavity
fx: seucretion-absorption-secretion-sensation
A
epithtelial
8
Q
supports + holds together other cells
Give examples
A
Connective tissue
Ex
bone
cartilage
tendon
ligament
fibrous ct
9
Q
non living material
secreted by cells of ct
becomes bonding & supporting matl b\n cells
A
matrix
10
Q
controls contractions of muscles
Composition?
Types?
A
- Muscular t
-elongated cylindrical - spindle shaped cells -small longt // contractile fibers
-skeletal
smooth
cardiac m
11
Q
- fx: conduction of electochmical nerve impulses
- Why neuron cells join together
A
nervous tissue
-to pass impulses over long dist -body
12
Q
what is mitosis
A
reg division of cells
ability to renew itself- growth of tiss - due to multiolication of cell members
each 2 resultant cell same # & chromos of parent
13
Q
describe cell structure (7)
A
protoplasm - gelatin; mass of cell (protein mol-fatty matls-carbo-salts)
plasma memb- outer surf of cell; elastic cover ; regs passing of contents (nuutrients- waste-secretions)
nucleus - directs cell acts- genes-traits ; granules (chromatin)
nuclear membrane - sep from rest - regs matls in out nucleus
cytoplasm - senuifluuuid matl (drroplets, vacuuoles, granules, fibrils)
centrioles - small cylind adj to nucleus - role in cell division
endoplasmic reticula - tubuular strand - small spaghetti spread outu from cytoplasm
14
Q
What is an organ
A
single unit of a system conp of variouusu tiss perform particular fx
15
Q
what is a system
A
group of organ - division of labor
16
Q
circulatory system
A
transport matls throughout body
17
Q
Respiratory system
A
provides exchange off oxygen and co2
18
Q
digestive system
A
provides for
intake - breakdown-absorption of food
19
Q
excretory system
A
elimination of waste
20
Q
skeletal system
A
body locomotion & support
21
Q
muusccular system
A
mvmt & locomotion in conjuction w skeletal sys
22
Q
nervvous system
A
conduucts impulses around body
& integrates activities of systems
23
Q
endocrine system
A
coordinator of body fx
24
Q
reproduuctive system
A
continuation of species
25
sensory system
receives stimuli in & out of body
26
what factors detss density of tissue amd organs
dep on composition of cell structure - solid -empty-filled
27
Skin fx
- protect form envt bacteria
-maintain internal envt
-shields blows-friction-rpressure
-waterproof
-protect from uuv - suntan
- thermostat - control elim of heat / insulation
- excretoryy -thruu sweat glands
- contain- sense receptors - feel pressure &U temp-pain - discctim b/n objec
28
describe strucuuutre of bone
PERIOSTEUM = vasuular - bvs at end covering bone ; - inner layer lined in growing bone
contains OSTEOBLAST (bone forming cells)
CORTEX - uunder periosteum; comp: dense compact bone
CANCELLOUS BONE - inner spongy, porous section froming a layer under a cortex
MEDULLA -cavity of shafft bone
ENDOSTEUM - lining of bone cavity
BONE MARROW - tissue contained w/in cavity of long bone
*YELLOW BONE MARROW - adult; muuo FAT
* RED BW - lil fat; supplied w blood & ERHYTHROBLAST (reddish colored cells) ; where RBC fromed
NUUTRIENT FORAMINA - small opening - bv - nutrient artery
29
BONE CLASSIFICATION
LONG BONES = 2 extremities & shaft; provided w medullary canal - contains marrow
SHORT BONES - small irregular shaoe ; muo cancellous tissue ; compact issue - surface
FLAT BONES = extensive protection and broad surfaces -- for muscle attach
IRREGULAR BONE= peculiar shape - vertebra
30
Explain
DIAPHYSIS
EPIPHYSIS
EPIPHYSEAL LINE
METAPHYSIS
DIAPHYSIS = middle; pmry center of ossification
EPIPHYSIS = ends ; secondary center of ossif
EPIPHYSEAL LINE = thin cartilge sep diaphysis and epiphysis
METAPHYSIS = middle of epiphysis and diaphysis
31
JOINT CLASIFICATION
Immovable/fibrous = permit no mvmt; ossified later; skull
Slightly movable/ cartilogenous joint = where cartilage unite the bone;hard hyaline +disk of s9fter fibrocartilage ;limited motion; vertebra
Freely movable /Synovial joint = smooth articulsr cartilage ; oiled by synovial fluid
32
TYPES OF FREELY MOVING JOINTS
GLIDING = slides; no rotation; vertebra, intercarpal
HINGE = w angular mvmt; elbow bending
SADDLE = 2 angular mvmts @ right angle; b&f s&s ; CPMJ Thumb
PIVOT = rotate; ulna-annular (stabilisze ulna to elbow)
BLL ND SOCKET = hip, shoulder; fit to concave
CONDYLOID = circumduction; metacarp j
33
AXIAL VS APPENDICULAR
AXIAL = SVRS
skull
Vertebrae -33 sep vbones
Ribs 1-7 st 8-10 byc 11-12
Sternum
APPENDICULAR = ULPS
upper
Lower
Pelvis
Shoulder girdles
34
MUSCLE FX
Movmt (contraction-pulling)
Maintain posture
Support joints
Pomote quick mvmt
35
What is: MUSCLE TONUS ?
Fully relaxed muscle may contract to approx half is length but retain full state of tension
36
SYSTOLIC VS DIASTOLIC PRESSURE
Systolic = highest pressure (contraction heart)
Diastolic = lowest (relaxing)
37
Where to exedent attempt to find pulse
RUSF
Radial artery = lat ant wrist
Ulnar = med ant wrist
Sperficia temporal a = ant to eam
Femoral = groin
38
What is: METABOLISM ?
Sum of all chem act to provide
Growth
Maintenance
Repair
PE 》 KE + HEAT 》SUBS
39
What is: ENDOCRINE GLANDS ?
"Ductless"
Secrete subs to bloodstream than duct
P4T3LSDAO
Pineal
Pituitary
Parathyroid
Pncreas
Thyroid
Thymus
Testes
Liver
Stomach
Duodenum
Adrenal
Ovaries
40
Px: JOINTS
Permit mvmt = action of muscles
41
CRANIAL BONES (8)
1 OCCIPITAL = back; contain FMag
2 PPARIETAL = upper
2 TEMPORAL = lat walls
1 SPHENOID = anterior
1 ETHMOID = form part of orbit,nasal f,cranial ba
1 FRONTAL = forehead
42
SUTURES OF CRANIAL BONES
SAGITTAL = 2 parietal bones at top
CORONAL = unite frontal -parietal -sagittal
LAMBDOID = occip-parieta
SQUAMOSAL = tempo - pariet
43
Facial bones are ppaired except for 2
Vomar
Mandible
44
SINUSES / PARANASAL SINUSES
Add resonance to voice
Bony cavities w/in cranium and facial
MAXILLARY = sup to maxilla (upper jawbone)
FRONTAL = w/in frontal bone
ETHMOID = "" ethmoid b
SPHENOID ="" s0henoid b
45
3 FACIAL CAVITIES
ORBITAL
NASAL
ORAL
46
Enumerate VERTEBRAE
Cervical 1-7
THORACIC 1-12
LUMBAR 1- 5
SACRUM 5 fused but classif as 1 bone
COCCYX 4 fused
47
Parts of: VERTEBRA
BNVSTALPT
Body
Neural arch
Vertebra formen
Spinous process
Transverse process
Articular process
Lamina
Pedicles
Transverse foramina
48
AXIS VS ATLAS
AXIS = C2 ; strongest cervical (thick spinous process) ; has Odontoid (long prominence; fit into atlas opening)
ATLAS =C1
49
Larger bodies among all vertebrae
Triangular vertebral formina
Hatchet shaped spinous process
Lumbar
50
Type of joint b/n articular procss of vertebrae
Gliding joint = b/n each vertebrae
Held together by ligaments (Tough fibrous tissue)
51
Fused to increase stabiity of pelvis
Posterior wall of pelv
Sacrum
52
Parts i : HUMERUS
ANATOMIC NECK = bn greate ler tub
RADIAL FOSSA = ant sup to capitulum
OLECRANON FOSSA = post sup trochlea
SHAFT /BODY =long bone ; center w medullary cavity
GREATER TUBEROSITY = eminence protru lat proximal
SURGICAL NECK = below tuber; freq fx site
HEAD = rounded proximal
53
Longer of the 2 bones and larger at proximal end (olecranon p) in forearm
Ulna
54
Rounded head at proximal end
Loc on thumb side
Distal end thicker (site of colles fx)
Radius
55
Wrist bones (8)
SoLeTThePinkyHereComesTheThumb
SCAPHOID (NAVICULAR)
LUNATE
TRIQUETRIUM (TRIANGULAR)
PISIFORM
HAMATE CAPITATE
TRAPEZIUM (GREATER MULTANGULAR)
TRAPEZOID (LESSER MULTANGULAR)
56
2 portions if pelvis
False and true pelvis
57
Used as a landmark at its junction w the body for the midline of the diaphragm
Upper surface of liver
Lower border of heart
Xiphoid tip
58
Longest larget bone in thebody
Femur
59
Innominate/hip bones
Ilium
Ischium
Pubis
60
Major px: Trasmit weight of body from pelvis to lower extremities
Femur
61
Largest of the sesamoid bones
Smooth in posterior
Articulate w femur
Kneecap / patella
62
Eminence or deep groove sep 2 condyles at distak end of femur
Intercondylar notch
63
2 bones lower leg
FIBULA = lat; smaller ; lateral malleolus at distal end ; articulate w tibia
TIBIA = larger (2nd to the femur); junction w fibula ;medial mlleolus
64
What does the Medial and lateral malleolus form?
ANKLE MORTISE
65
TARSAL BONES
TigerCubsNeedMILC
TALUS
CALCANEUS
NAVICULAR
MEDIAL INTERMEDIATE LATERAL CUNEIFORM
CUBOID
66
Larges bone of tarsus
Beneath astragalus
Provide shape and support heel
Calacaneus / calcis
67
Body systems
MURDERS LINC
MUSCULAR
URINARY
REPRODUCTIVE
DIGESTIVE
RESPIRATORY
SKELETAL
LYMPGATIC
INTEGUMENTARY
NERVOUS
CIRCULATORY
68
Digestive sys parts
28 ft
Mouth to anus
Mouth
Pharynx
Esophgus
Stomach
SI LI
ANUS
RECTUM
69
# SALIVARY GLANDS
3
Sublingual = ant base tongue
Parotid = front of ear
Submaxillry /Submandibular = mandible
70
Describe PHARYNX
Continuation of digestion from mouth
3
Nasopharynx
Oropharnyx
Larnygopharnyx
71
Opening at upper end of esophagus b4 stomach
Cardia
72
Opening into intestine
Pylorus
73
Portion bulging upward and left in stomach
Fundus
74
SMALL INTESTINE
22 to 25 ft
Pylorus to ileocecal junction
DUODENUM
JEJUNUM
ILEUM
75
Which ducts empty into duodenum
Pancreatic d
CBD
76
LARGE INTESTINE PARTS
5 ft
CECUM = blind sac ; @ RIliac fossa
ASC COLON = contacts w liver (hpticflexure)
TRANSVERSE = hepticto splnic (r &l colic) flexure
DESC COLON = down infron of L kidney tp pelvis
SIGMOID COLON =desc to rectum (rectum 8 inch)
77
LARGEST GLAND
R hypochondriac uper epigastric
Fx?
Liver
Bile secretion
Metabolic fx (carbo, fat, protein)
78
Accessory glands involved w digestion
PANCREAS = toward hilum of spleen; provides juice (dogestive enzymes)
LIVER = blie, glycogen fx; protein
GALLBLDDER = store bile; involuntry muscle-need fat to contract to push bile to SI
79
APPENDIX
2-6 inch
Pouch at lower end cecum
80
Describe kidney
Loc at poterior abdomen
Beneath diaphragm
R kidney lower
Hilum at medial bord kidney (renal a&v, pelvis enter k; ureter leaves)
81
Ureters
10 to 12 in
Urine > Kidny to ub
82
Reswrvoir of urine
Urinar bladder
83
Urethra
Urine > bladder to the exterior
Male 6in
Fem 4 cm
84
Principal pathways of excretion
SKIN = sweat ,oil
LUNGS =co2
INTESTINE =food residue
KIDNEYS =water ,urine
85
System that is composed of blood vascular system and lymphatic system
Circulatory sys
Lymph sy (drains excess fluids and proteins from tisses back to bloodstream ~preventing tissue swelling)
Lymph =wbc &chyle (fluid from intestine)
86
Parts of lymphatic system
Lacteal of intestina walls
Lymph capillaries
Lymphatic vessels
Lymph nodes
Spleen
87
Cardiac cycle
Contraction = systole
Relaxtion = diastole
88
What is :PULSE PRESSURE
Difference bn systolic and diastolic pressure
89
Which nerv system supplies the heart
Involuntary (autonomic) nrvous syestem &
Intrinsic autonomic ""
*heart cpntinue to beat if external nerve severed ~ POWER OF RHYTMIC CONTRACTIVITY
90
Vessels convey blood from arteries to vein
Capillaries
91
Parts pf nervous sys
CENTRAL = brain &spinal cord
PERIPHERAL = nerves branching out ut from brain and spjnal cord
92
Part of nervous sys that control activity of
Cardiac and smooth muscle
Sweat and digestuve
Certqin endocrine glands
Autonomic sys
Div into : sympathetic ad parasymphathetic
93
Parts of the ear
EXTERNAL / AURICLE = cartilage; @ side head; collect sound vib of air thru external aditory canal
MIDDLE EAR = irreg shape in temporal bone;filled w air and auditory ossicles (INCUS MALLEUS STAPES); conduct vibration (tympanic mem to internal
INTERNAL EAR = receptors for hearing and equillibrium of body (gravty,motion) w petrouz portion of temporal bone
94
Has a more wie spread effext on other glands
Either modifies or controls their secretions
"Leader"
Pituitary gldn
ANTERIOR = master of other glands
POSTERIOR = effect on smooth muscle > causing contraction
95
Describe BRAIN
/"Encephalon" = center of nervous
Tiss mem Coverings:
DURA MATER
ARACHNOID
PIA MATER
2 layers of matter : GRAY &WHITE
3 MAIN PARTS:
FOREBRAIN= cereba hemisphere
MIDBRAIN= connect foreb to pon & cereb
HINDBRAIN = (MEDULLA OBLONGATA, PONS,CEREBELLUM)
FXAL PARTS
CERERUM
CEREBELUM
PONS
MEDULLA OBLONGATA
96
FXL PARTS OF BRAIN
CEREBRUM : most thinking & emotion
2 hemisp = lat ventricles
CEREBELUM = post bn occipital lobe of cereb; Coordinzte mvmts & maintain equillib
2 hemisphere & central portion (VERMIS)
PONS = white; midde of crnial at bse of skull
Connect midbr to med.obl
Longitud (medob-cerebrum) & trnsvese fibers (cerebel-pons)
MEDULLA OBLONGATA =bulb of the brain; conduct impulses to &from spinzl cord - brain
97
Spinal cord
18 in
Upper 2/3 of spinal canal - upper L2
Part of Cns
Csf inspinal canal
98
CSF
Clear colorless watery -fill cns
Formed: CHOROID PLEXUS (ventricles)
Protect cns from mechanica injury ~ shock absober
Pthway for exchang of nutrientz and waste bn bloodstream
99
Composition of csf
Water
Glcose
Potassium
Sodium chlorde
Protein
Wbc
100-200 ml (adult)
Gravity: 1.004 -1.008
100
CSF flow
Lat vent
Foramen of monro
3rd ventr
Aquedut sylvius
4th vent
Openings: cranial subarachanoid space, foramina of magendie
Spinal cord and brain
Drained by filtration (arachnoid vili)
101
CRANIAL NERVES
Oh. Some
Oh. Say
Oh. Marry
To. Money
Touch. But
And. My
Feel. Brothers
A. Say
Girls. Big
Vagina Brain
Ah. Matters
Heaven Most
102
Is an rterial anastomosis at the base of the brain
Circle of willis
103
Ductless glnds
"Endocrin glands"
Organs w fx :prodyce special secretions (gland >hormonez>excte organ activity) to blood /lymph
104
Ductles gland organs
P3S2T2
SPLEEN = produce blood &fight dse
PINEAL BODY = devt of 👁
PITUITARY = protected by sella turcica
: ANT = secrete hrmone >thyroid metab, carb m, sex, growth
:POST = horm >BP &constricting arteries
THYROID= thyroxin >body growth& nervous stability
PARATHYROID = calcium metab (imp for bone,blood,other tiss)
THYMUS= body growth & reproductive orgsns
SUPRARENALS =
Medulla : adrenaline, reg temp & bp
Cortex: water & salt metab
105
MALE REPRODUCTIVE
TESTIS = sperm cell, male hormnes
EPIDIDYMIS = duct - ductus deferenz
DUCTUS DEFERENS
SEMINAL VESICLE = semen reservoir
EJACULATORY DUCT
BULBOURETHRAL GLAND = cowpers ;secrete seminal fluid
PROSTATE GLAND= secrete fluid ~ sperm mobile
SCROTUM = support testes
PENIS = erectile tizsue (glans penis=distal end) (prepuce-foreskin)
URETHRA = passage for uine & semen
106
FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE
OVARIES = egg / ovum
UTERUS = bn ub & rectum; behind pubisymph
FALLOPIAN TUBES =uterine tubes/ oviducts ; carry ovum donwrd for conception
VAGINA =3 in;
CLITORIS = pnis
