Mod 1-2 Quiz Flashcards
Explain the Steps in evidence-based public health process (P.E.R.I.E)
- Problem: what is the health problem (what)
Person, place, time -> describe using rates (ex. Case fatality) - Etiology: What is/are the contributory causes?
What contributes to disease -> use math tools and biostatistics
Population compares -> generate hypotheses
Ex. Cause and effect w/ smoking cigs and lung cancer
3 studies
Case-control or retrospective -> establish individual association
Cohort/ prospective -> establish the cause and effect
Randomized trials or studies -> how does changing the cause affect the effect - Recommendations: what works to reduce the effects
Evidence from above steps summarized and interventions are suggested - Implementation: the how can we change this?
Use “when-who-how” approach
When -> ask about timing of disease when intervention occurs
Who -> who to direct intervention too
How -> how to implement interventions - Evaluation: how well does the intervention work?
Look at how well implementations have lowered health impact on disease
Public health terms of morbidity and mortality
Burden of disease -> how much morbidity and morality occur due to a disease
Describe the course of a disease in terms of incidence, prevalence, and case-fatality
How often, how likely to be present, and what happens when it occurs?
Case Fatality: the chances of dying from a condition once it is diagnosed
Incidence Rate = # of new cases in a year/# of people in the at-risk population (measure chances of developing the disease)
Prevalence Rate = # of people living with the disease / # in at-risk population (point in time, those with it at the time)
Prevalence = Incidence x duration
How does distribution of disease may be used to generate hypotheses about the cause of a disease
Allows epidemiologists to find group associations or patterns in the frequency of a disease
Examine to understand
Person -> demographic like behaviors, characteristics
Place -> geographic location, people connections
Time
Describe the approach used in public health to identify a contributory cause of a disease
Cause is associated with effect at the individual level
- Case-Control Studies
Cause precedes effect in time
-Cohort Studies
Altering the cause alters the effect
- Randomized Controlled Trials or Natural Experiments
Explain the upstream/downstream metaphor for public health approaches
- Pulling bodies out of the river downstream and public health people go upstream to see why people are falling in the river in the first place
- Addressing problems early on, focus on preventive measures (upstream)
- addressing treatment when disease is already present (downstream)
-Ex. addressing malnutrition in a low-income community by making access to healthy foods more affordable
Epidemiology Video definition
- the science that considers the demographic, the geographic and the temporal distribution of exposures and outcomes and the causative relationship between them
Epidemiology Video Distribution and Causation
- Distribution: how various diseases or states of health are distributed in society (outcomes and exposures)
- Causation: extent to which these exposures really do or don’t translate into changes in outcomes or the health status of people and populations
Core Disciplines
- biostatistics
- epidemiology
- environmental health science
- health policy management
- social/ behavioral sciences
Burden of Disease
the occurrence of disability and death due to a disease
Morbidity
disability
Mortality
death
Course of Disease
asks how often the disease occurs, how likely it is to occur again, and what happens once it does occur
Rate
any type of measurement that has a numerator and a denominator where the numerator is a subset of the denominator
- Numerator measures number of times event occurs (individuals)
- Denominator measures the number of times the event could occur
Case Definition
define the criteria they are using to measure the occurrence of the disease
Incidence Rates
measure the chances of developing a disease over a period of time (# of new cases of disease during the year / # of people in the at-risk population)
- Helps establish the cause of the problem (etiology)
- Morality rates -> measure burden of disease
Case-Fatality
the chances of dying from a condition once it is diagnosed
RE-AIM
Reach, effectiveness, adoption, implementation, maintenance
- RE -> evaluating the potential of the intervention for those it is designed to include or reach (often applied beyond groups that were investigated)
- AIM -> examine the acceptance of the intervention in clinical and public practice in short and long term
Population Health
the totality of all evidence-based public and private efforts throughout the life cycle that preserve and promote health and prevent disease, disability, and death
Focuses on the big picture issues and determinants of disease
Public Health
all we do together to promote and preserve health and prevent disease, disability, and death
Focus more on health promotions and disease prevention for populations
Addresses health at a population level
Health
physical, mental, and social well-being
Individual or population level
Give 3 examples of how public health affects everyday life
Vaccinations
Tabacco Control
car safety, like wearing a seatbelt
Health Protection Era
up to 1830
Authority-based control of individual and community behaviors
Hygiene Movement
1840s-1870
Sanitary conditions as basis for improved health
