Mod. 1 Cellular Function Flashcards
Which of the following processes occurs in the mitochondria and is the most efficient method of ATP production?
A) Glycolysis
B) Oxidative phosphorylation
C) Anaerobic metabolism
D) Beta-oxidation
B) Oxidative phosphorylation – The most efficient ATP production occurs in the mitochondria through oxidative phosphorylation.
A nurse is reviewing transport mechanisms with a student. Which of the following statements made by the student indicates a need for further teaching?
A) “Facilitated diffusion requires a protein carrier and ATP for movement across the membrane.”
B) “Osmosis refers to the movement of water across a semipermeable membrane.”
C) “Active transport requires energy to move substances against their concentration gradient.”
D) “Endocytosis is a process where the cell engulfs extracellular material.”
A) “Facilitated diffusion requires a protein carrier and ATP for movement across the membrane.” – Facilitated diffusion does not require ATP; it relies on concentration gradients.
A patient with chronic hypertension is diagnosed with left ventricular hypertrophy. This is an example of which cellular adaptation?
A) Hyperplasia
B) Hypertrophy
C) Metaplasia
D) Dysplasia
B) Hypertrophy – Chronic hypertension increases workload, leading to hypertrophy of cardiac muscle cells.
Which ion plays the most significant role in the generation of resting membrane potential in neurons and muscle cells?
A) Sodium (Na⁺)
B) Potassium (K⁺)
C) Calcium (Ca²⁺)
D) Chloride (Cl⁻)
B) Potassium (K⁺) – Potassium is the major contributor to resting membrane potential.
A nurse is teaching a student about apoptosis. Which statement by the student requires further education?
A) “Apoptosis is a regulated process that eliminates damaged or unnecessary cells.”
B) “Apoptosis causes an inflammatory response due to cell membrane rupture.”
C) “Apoptotic cells undergo DNA fragmentation and shrinkage.”
D) “Failure of apoptosis can lead to uncontrolled cell proliferation.”
B) “Apoptosis causes an inflammatory response due to cell membrane rupture.” – Apoptosis does not cause inflammation because cell contents are packaged into apoptotic bodies.
A patient experiences hypoxia due to a myocardial infarction. Which process is the primary source of ATP during oxygen deprivation?
A) Electron transport chain
B) Krebs cycle
C) Anaerobic glycolysis
D) Beta-oxidation
C) Anaerobic glycolysis – During oxygen deprivation, glycolysis continues but produces lactic acid instead of using the Krebs cycle.
Which of the following best describes the role of ribosomes in cellular function?
A) Synthesizing lipid molecules for membrane production
B) Producing ATP through oxidative phosphorylation
C) Assembling amino acids into polypeptides based on mRNA sequences
D) Modifying proteins and packaging them into vesicles
C) Assembling amino acids into polypeptides based on mRNA sequences – Ribosomes synthesize proteins by translating mRNA.
The sodium-potassium (Na⁺/K⁺) pump is critical for which of the following cellular functions?
A) Passive transport of sodium into the cell
B) Facilitated diffusion of potassium out of the cell
C) Active transport maintaining resting membrane potential
D) Endocytosis of extracellular proteins
C) Active transport maintaining resting membrane potential – The Na⁺/K⁺ pump actively transports sodium out and potassium in to maintain the resting membrane potential.
Which disease is most likely associated with mitochondrial dysfunction leading to impaired ATP production?
A) Alzheimer’s disease
B) Duchenne muscular dystrophy
C) Leigh syndrome
D) Cystic fibrosis
C) Leigh syndrome – A mitochondrial disorder that leads to severe neurological impairment due to defective ATP production.
A nurse is teaching a patient about antioxidants and their role in reducing cellular damage. Which of the following best describes the mechanism of free radicals?
A) They donate electrons to stabilize membrane lipids.
B) They increase cellular ATP production by enhancing mitochondrial function.
C) They steal electrons from stable molecules, leading to cellular damage.
D) They improve DNA repair mechanisms, reducing mutation rates.
C) They steal electrons from stable molecules, leading to cellular damage. – Free radicals cause oxidative stress by stealing electrons, leading to DNA and lipid damage.
A patient presents with a muscle that has increased in size due to chronic resistance training. Which cellular adaptation best explains this change?
A) Atrophy
B) Hypertrophy
C) Hyperplasia
D) Metaplasia
B) Hypertrophy
Which type of cell transport requires a carrier molecule but does NOT require energy?
A) Diffusion
B) Facilitated diffusion
C) Osmosis
D) Active transport
B) Facilitated diffusion
A patient with chronic acid reflux develops columnar epithelial cells in the esophagus, replacing the normal squamous epithelium. This is an example of:
A) Dysplasia
B) Metaplasia
C) Hyperplasia
D) Hypertrophy
B) Metaplasia
Which organelle is responsible for processing and sorting proteins within the cell?
A) Ribosomes
B) Golgi apparatus
C) Endoplasmic reticulum
D) Lysosomes
B) Golgi apparatus
Which of the following describes the process of a cell engulfing large particles into a vesicle for transport into the cytoplasm?
A) Phagocytosis
B) Pinocytosis
C) Exocytosis
D) Osmosis
A) Phagocytosis
A nurse is explaining the function of organelles in a cell. Which of the following correctly matches the organelle with its function?
A) Golgi apparatus – protein synthesis
B) Lysosomes – break down toxic molecules
C) Mitochondria – energy production
D) Peroxisomes – processing and sorting proteins
C) Mitochondria – energy production
A patient has a genetic mutation affecting facilitated diffusion. Which of the following substances would most likely be impaired in its transport across the plasma membrane?
A) Oxygen
B) Water
C) Glucose
D) Electrolytes
C) Glucose
A patient with chronic acid reflux undergoes a biopsy of the esophagus. The pathology report indicates that normal squamous cells have been replaced with columnar cells. Which type of cellular adaptation has occurred?
A) Dysplasia
B) Metaplasia
C) Hyperplasia
D) Hypertrophy
Rationale: Facilitated diffusion requires a carrier protein to transport substances that cannot pass freely through the lipid bilayer. Glucose transport depends on carrier proteins, whereas oxygen and water move through simple diffusion, and electrolytes use ion channels.
B) Metaplasia
Rationale: Metaplasia is the replacement of one type of cell with another due to chronic irritation or stress, as seen in Barrett’s esophagus from acid reflux. Dysplasia involves abnormal mutations, hyperplasia is an increase in cell number, and hypertrophy is an increase in cell size.
A patient presents with a deep leg wound that has blackened, necrotic tissue and foul-smelling drainage. Which type of necrosis is most likely present?
A) Liquefactive necrosis
B) Fat necrosis
C) Caseous necrosis
D) Gangrenous necrosis
D) Gangrenous necrosis
Rationale: Gangrene is a type of coagulative necrosis that occurs due to prolonged ischemia, commonly seen in the lower extremities. It may present as dry or wet gangrene, with wet gangrene being associated with bacterial infection and a foul odor.
A nurse is teaching a group of students about different types of tissues. Which of the following is correctly paired with its function?
A) Epithelial tissue – supports and connects other tissues
B) Muscle tissue – responsible for contraction and movement
C) Connective tissue – lines organs and provides protection
D) Nervous tissue – contracts to produce movement
B) Muscle tissue – responsible for contraction and movement
Rationale: Muscle tissue is responsible for movement due to contractile proteins (actin and myosin). Epithelial tissue acts as a protective barrier, connective tissue provides support, and nervous tissue transmits signals.
A patient experiences prolonged ischemia in the kidneys, leading to irreversible cell damage. What type of necrosis is most commonly associated with this condition?
A) Liquefaction necrosis
B) Fat necrosis
C) Caseous necrosis
D) Coagulative necrosis
D) Coagulative necrosis
Rationale: Coagulative necrosis results from ischemia or infarction, commonly affecting the kidneys, heart, and adrenal glands. It is characterized by protein denaturation and structural preservation of dead tissue.
A patient with mitochondrial disease is experiencing extreme fatigue and muscle weakness. This is primarily due to a deficiency in which of the following?
A) Ribosomal protein synthesis
B) ATP production
C) Golgi apparatus function
D) Lysosomal breakdown of waste
B) ATP production
Rationale: Mitochondria are the powerhouse of the cell, responsible for ATP production. Mitochondrial dysfunction results in inadequate energy supply, leading to muscle weakness and fatigue.
Which of the following statements best differentiates apoptosis from necrosis?
A) Apoptosis is an uncontrolled process, while necrosis is highly regulated.
B) Necrosis is a normal physiological process, while apoptosis occurs only in disease states.
C) Apoptosis leads to programmed cell death without inflammation, whereas necrosis results in cellular swelling and inflammation.
D) Necrosis is a protective mechanism, while apoptosis is always pathological.
C) Apoptosis leads to programmed cell death without inflammation, whereas necrosis results in cellular swelling and inflammation.
Rationale: Apoptosis is a controlled process that eliminates damaged or unnecessary cells without triggering an inflammatory response. Necrosis, on the other hand, is unregulated and results in cell swelling, bursting, and inflammation.
A genetic disorder results in the accumulation of undigested cellular waste due to a lysosomal enzyme deficiency. Which disease is most likely associated with this cellular dysfunction?
A) Tay-Sachs disease
B) Cystic fibrosis
C) Sickle cell anemia
D) Duchenne muscular dystrophy
A) Tay-Sachs disease
Rationale: Tay-Sachs disease is a genetic disorder caused by a deficiency of lysosomal enzymes, leading to the accumulation of lipids in neurons. This results in progressive neurological deterioration.
