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VM 580 - Vet Surgery & Anesthesia > Mod 1 - Monitoring 1 8/22 > Flashcards

Mod 1 - Monitoring 1 8/22 Flashcards

Quiz 2

1
Q

why do we monitor patients?

A

to maximize the safety of the anesthetic procedure

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2
Q

T/F - anesthesia records are legal documents and one person should be dedicated to monitoring the patient to maintain accurate records.

A

True

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3
Q

what is the lowest appropriate range for the intraoperative mean arterial pressure (MAP)?

A

60-80 mmHg

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4
Q

what is the highest appropriate range for the intraoperative partial pressure of CO2 (PaCO2) in dogs?

A

40-60 mmHg

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5
Q

we use an ECG to monitor what 2 things?

A
  1. HR
  2. heart rhythm
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6
Q

how can we directly measure blood pressure?

A

arterial catheter (connected to a pressure transducer)

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7
Q

what 2 ways do we indirectly monitor blood pressure?

A
  1. oscillotonometry
  2. Doppler
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8
Q

mean arterial pressure = 1 x 2

A

MAP = CO x systemic vascular resistance

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9
Q

cardiac output = 1 x 2

A

HR x stroke volume

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10
Q

what 3 things can affect CO?

A
  1. HR
  2. stroke volume
  3. contractility
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11
Q

if CO inc., what happens to MAP?

A

inc. (& vice versa)

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12
Q

vasoconstriction causes MAP to (inc./dec.), and therefore, BP (inc./dec.)

A

inc.
inc.

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13
Q

vasodilation causes ?, which causes MAP to (inc./dec.), and therefore, BP (inc./dec.)

A

relative hypovolemia
dec.
dec.

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14
Q

what is the normal HR for:
1. large dog
2. small dog

A
  1. 60-120 bpm
  2. 80-160 bpm
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15
Q

what is the normal HR for cats?

A

120-220 bpm

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16
Q

what is the normal HR for horses?

A

35-45 bpm

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17
Q

what is the normal HR for ruminants?

A

70-90 bpm

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18
Q

when should you treat bradycardia in:
1. large dogs
2. small dogs

A
  1. <50 bpm
  2. <60 bpm
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19
Q

when should you treat bradycardia in cats?

A

<90 bpm

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20
Q

when should you treat bradycardia in horses?

21
Q

when should you treat bradycardia in ruminants?

22
Q

T/F - when horses are bradycardic (<25 bpm), we almost always treat it.

A

False - worried about dec. GI motility

23
Q

The decision to treat bradycardia in a patient should always be based on what value?

24
Q

what are 3 common (overall) causes of bradycardia in a patient?

A
  1. inc. vagal tone
  2. hypothermia
  3. heart disease
25
what class of drugs is used to treat bradycardia? A. sympatholytics B. anticholinergics C. Ca++ channel blockers D. local anesthetics E. GABA agonists
B (like atropine or glycopyrrolate)
26
what are 3 common (overall) causes of tachycardia?
1. not enough anesthesia/analgesia 2. drugs 3. metabolic
27
what are 3 metabolic causes of tachycardia?
1. hypovolemia 2. hypoxemia 3. hypercapnea
28
T/F - a light plane of anesthesia required immediate attention.
True!
29
What percentage of the induction drug dose should you give to treat a light plane of anesthesia?
10-20%
30
If HR is inc. while BP is dec., what are 4 possible problems that you should consider?
1. hypovolemia 2. sepsis 3. cardiovascular collapse 4. poor perfusion
31
what class of drugs is used to treat tachycardia associated with atrial fibrillation? A. anticholinergics B. beta blockers C. local anesthetics D. GABA agonists E. neuromuscular blockers
B.
32
T/F - if HR is inc. and BP is dec., it's more important to dec. HR than to worry about BP.
False - BP is already low - dec. HR will make it worse!
33
what are 5 causes of anesthesia-related arrhythmias?
1. hypoxemia 2. poor perfusion 3. direct drug effects 4. "sensitization" by anesthetics 5. electrolyte distrubances
34
T/F - differently shaped VPC means different parts of the ventricle are firing each time. This should be treated immediately.
True
35
what are the 4 classes of antiarrhythmic drugs?
1. Na+ channel blockers 2. beta blockers 3. action potential duration prolongers (previously K+ channel blockers) 4. Ca++ channel blockers
36
a BP cuff width should be _?_% of the tail diameter in elephants?
40%
37
the point of maximum oscillations read by an oscillometric monitor has the most accurate reading of what value?
MAP
38
when using a Doppler, what are you reading when you start to hear sound when letting off cuff pressure?
systolic pressure
39
what are 4 common (overall) causes of hypotension?
1. low venous return 2. heart disease 3. arrhythmias 4. low systemic vascular resistance
40
what are the 5 steps (in order) for troubleshooting hypotension?
1. assess anesthetic conc. 2. assess HR 3. assess crystalloid fluids given over last 1hr 4. consider giving hypertonic saline or colloid 5. re-evaluate MAP
41
what receptor does dobutamine act on? A. cholinergic B. beta-1 C. alpha-1 D. GABA E. dihydropyridine
B.
42
what receptor does norepinephrine act on? A. cholinergic B. beta-1 C. alpha-1 D. GABA E. dihydropyridine
C.
43
NE is a vaso(constrictor/dilator) and has a use in _?_. otherwise, it is difficult to control effects.
vasoconstrictor cardiac arrest
44
what does it mean if you give a breath to a patient and the cardiac waveform squishes down?
patient is still hypovolemic
45
what are packed red blood cells? what does it contain? (3)
RBCs spun down in refrigerated centrifuge 1. RBCs 2. WBCs 3. some plasma & anticoagulant
46
what is fresh frozen plasma? what does it contain? (3)
supernatant from FWB centrifugation 1. plasma 2. stable clotting factors 3. labile clotting factors (5, 8, vWF)
47
how long does fresh frozen plasma last?
1yr @ -20C
48
what is frozen plasma? what does it lack?
outdated fresh frozen plasma or not frozen within 8hrs labile clotting factors (5, 8, vWF)
49
frozen plasma is a source of _?_ for oncotic support.
albumin

VM 580 - Vet Surgery & Anesthesia (11 decks)

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