MOD 1 part 2

Question 1

Apoptosis in physiologic situations

important for what physiologic situations?

Answer 1

Question 2

Apoptosis in pathologic conditions?

apoptosis eliminates cells that are what?

what pathologic conditions can cause apoptosis? (4)

in pro what can also be seen?

Answer 2

Question 3

morphologic features of cells undergoing apoptosis?

Answer 3

Question 4

The intrinsic/extrinsic pathway of apoptosis

what causes signal to start?

what pathway?

what regulators?

Answer 4

Question 5

Anti-apoptotic molecules? (3) work how? located where?

Pro-apoptotic? (2) work how?

sensors? (5) how many domain compared to the other two? what do they do?

Answer 5

Anti-apoptotic: BCL2, BCL-XL and MCL1 also 4 BH domains

Question 6

Overall review of activation of intrinsic pathway.

BCL2 action decreased how? what then activates? this allows what?

cyto c binds to? this forms? which binds? then what happens here?

physiologic inhibitors of apoptosis called? neutralized by? when neutralized what can happen?

Answer 6

Question 7

Extrinsic pathway of apoptosis

what receptor? located where?

what ligand? expressed on?

after binding what happens?

what is activated?

what can inhibit?

Answer 7

Question 8

execution phase of apoptosis?

which pathway leads to activation of what caspase? what are the executioner caspases?

which activate?

Answer 8

Question 9

what is seen as an eat me signal?

(3)

Answer 9

Question 10

undfolded protein response and ER stress

normal conditions what is present that help stabilize?

what can cause misfolded proteins?

er stress is?

adaptation? failure of this?

Answer 10

Question 11

Examples of apoptosis

growth factor deprivation- apoptosis caused by?

DNA damage- apoptosis caused by? stays in what phase? when apoptosis happens what pathway?

Protein misfolding- misfolded proteins are what? ER stress leads to? feature of what type of disease?

Answer 11

Question 12

examples of apoptosis

apoptosis induced by TNF receptor family- what receptor/ligand?

cytoxic T lymphocyte-mediated apoptosis- what detected. what released?

Answer 12

Question 13

dysregulated apoptosis

2 types?

most common genetic abnormality found in human cancers?

characterized by loss of cells?

Answer 13

second one also associated with 2. ischemic disease (heart attack) 3. death of virus-infected cells

Question 14

Necroptosis

morphologically similar to? how?

mechanistically similar to? how? differs from this how?

Answer 14

Question 15

Necroptosis

receptor/ligand? which recruits?

generation of what for cell death? similar to?

Answer 15

Question 16

Pyroptosis?

what is it? what is released?

receptor activation activates? which causes? this cytokine does what? differs from apoptosis how?

Answer 16

Question 17

Autophagy

steps? needs what for elongation?

Answer 17

LC3 is protein light chain 3 (a ubiquitin-like conjugation system)

Question 18

3 types of autophagy?

Answer 18

Question 19

autophagy role in human diseases? (4)

Answer 19

Question 20

intraculluar accumulations

what 4 types?

what is accumulated?

Answer 20

Question 21

lipid accumulation

steatosis (aka)

what is it? where? most common in liver?

Answer 21

Question 22

lipid accumulation

cholesterol and choleterol esters

what processes would you have this? (4)

location?

Answer 22

Question 23

Answer 23

Question 24

protein accumulation

appear as what in cells?

causes? (5)

Answer 24

Question 25

Answer 25

Question 26

hyaline change what is it?

Answer 26

Question 27

Glycogen accumulation seen in what patients? prime example? other diseases? lead to?

Answer 27

Glycogen accumulates within the cells in a group of related genetic disorders that are collectively referred to as the glycogen storage diseases, or glycogenoses (Chapter 5). In these diseases enzymatic defects in the synthesis or breakdown of glycogen result in massive accumulation, causing cell injury and cell death

Question 28

pigment accumulation two main types?

Answer 28

exogenous/endogenous

Question 29

pigments exogenous pigments most common? comes from?

Answer 29

Question 30

pigments endogenous pigments 3 main types?

Answer 30

Lipofucsin melanin hemosiderin

Question 31

pigments lipofuscin- caused by? appearance?seen in what cells? melanin- color? disease seen in?

Answer 31

Lipofuscin is an insoluble pigment, also known as lipochrome or wear-and-tear pigment

Question 32

pigments hemosiderin- what is it? color? occurs when? example? overload called? this causes?

Answer 32

called hemosiderosis. caused mainly by dietary iron, hemolytic anemias, blood transfusions ( a lot) deposition of hemosiderin in many organs

Question 33

pathologic calcifications two types? happen when?

Answer 33

Question 34

3 main factors leading to cellular aging? picture counteracts aging?

Answer 34

Question 35

DNA damage caused by? usually? but?

Answer 35

Question 36

cellular senescence is what? 2 types? enzymes/proteins associated with?

Answer 36

Cellular Senescence. All normal cells have a limited capacity for replication, and after a fixed number of divisions cells become arrested in a terminally nondividing state, known as replicative senescence

Question 37

defective protein homeostasis (cell aging)

Answer 37

Question 38

deregulated nutrient sensing eating and life span? two pathways? i- what molecules? downstream targets? s

Answer 38

Question 39

deregulated nutrient sensing sirtuins- function of sirtiuns? promote? caloric restriction increases longevity by? can be mimicked by?

Answer 39